[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-82511-en":3,"doc-seo-82511-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},82511,687197100911,"Himbo","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1782698725881665579",8,"Research & Report","A Simple Solution to Improving Human Supervision of Algorithms: Evidence from Smart Vending","Organizations increasingly rely on autonomous AI for operational decisions such as inventory replenishment, but full override rights can hurt performance through human bias and noise, while restricting overrides may discard valuable private information. The work proposes a constrained override policy that limits overrides per decision episode to enable selective filtering of high-value interventions. A randomized field experiment with 553 workers in a large Chinese smart vending retailer shows constrained overrides reduce inventory by 1.28% without sales loss, outperforming free overrides.","arXiv :2607 .00420v 1 [ cs .HC] 1 Jul 2026  \nA Simple Solution to Improving Human Supervision of Algorithms: Evidence from Smart Vending  \nMinda Zhao  \nH. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology  \nBrian Rongqing Han  \nGies College of Business, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Xin Chen  \nH. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Tao Zhu  \nShenzhen Fengyi Technology Co., Ltd.  \nAbstract. Problem definition: Organizations increasingly deploy autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) systems for operational decisions, such as inventory replenishment. Yet fully granting override rights can degrade performance due to human bias and noise, while prohibiting them may overlook valuable private information. This raises a key question: How should override rights be structured to improve human supervision of autonomous AI? Methodology/results: We propose a constrained override policy that limits overrides per decision episode to enable selective filtering that prioritizes high-value overrides. We tested it through a randomized field experiment with 553 workers at a major Chinese smart vending machine retailer that manages more than 59 , 000 machines and 4 , 000 SKUs. Workers were assigned to no overrides, free overrides, or a two-per-machine limit on downward overrides. Free overrides reduce inventory by 1 .95% but also cut sales by 1 . 19% . Constrained overrides reduce inventory by 1.28% without harming sales, as workers select better SKUs to override, confirmed via local average treatment effects. Gains are largest for experienced workers, high-incentive SKUs, and growth-stage SKUs. A simulated personalized policy further increases sales probability by 9. 1% . Managerial implications: Academics gain novel insights from the causal effects of discretion design inhuman-supervised AI, emphasizing selective filtering to enhance decision quality. Managers can benefit from a scalable, low-cost policy for operations such as retail, logistics, and resource planning, reducing excess inventory without sales loss while harnessing private human information, with no need for algorithmic redesign, information customization, or additional training.  \nKey words: human-AI collaboration; private information; algorithm override; field experiment; local average treatment effect  \n1. Introduction  \nData-driven decision-making is transforming businesses by automating complex and frequent tasks previously reliant on human judgment (Brynjolfsson and McElheran 2016, Bar-Gill et al. 2024) . Algorithms and  \nartificial intelligence (AI) systems 1 are now routinely employed in critical decision-making domains such as drug discovery (Lou and Wu 2021) and digital content recommendation (Chen et al. 2024) . Despite substantial advancements in algorithmic capabilities, many organizations continue to grant frontline employees discretionary power to override algorithmic recommendations. Such override rights reflect a widespread managerial belief that human workers possess contextual or local information unavailable to algorithms, which can potentially enhance decisions when algorithms falter.  \nHowever, the causal impact of human overrides on algorithmic performance remains ambiguous. While a considerable body of literature (e.g., Ibanez et al. 2018, Kesavan and Kushwaha 2020, Liang et al. 2024) indicates that human overrides can degrade the performance of autonomous algorithmic decisions, highlighting the risks of human bias, there is also evidence suggesting that overrides can sometimes improve outcomes. For example, overrides have been shown to be beneficial when humans utilize domain-specific insights not captured by the algorithm (Kesavan et al. 2025, Wang et al. 2025) . Thus, despite significant advancements in automation, human operators can still possess critical private information that enhances the quality of decision-making. These mixed findings rai","cbCaioKotOeqlZuJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioKotOeqlZuJ","pdf",3456088,1,53,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Human-AI collaboration regimes\n## Problem motivation and design question\n## Paper contributions overview","[{\"question\":\"Why can granting full override rights to human workers reduce algorithm performance?\",\"answer\":\"The abstract notes that full override rights can degrade outcomes due to human bias and noise.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the proposed constrained override policy and how does it work?\",\"answer\":\"It limits the number of overrides per decision episode to enable selective filtering that prioritizes high-value overrides.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the key results from the smart vending field experiment?\",\"answer\":\"With free overrides, inventory decreases by 1.95% but sales also drop by 1.19%. Constrained overrides reduce inventory by 1.28% without harming sales, and simulated personalized policies further increase sales probability by 9.1%.\"}]",1784181029,134,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"a-simple-solution-to-improving-human-supervision-of-algorithms-evidence-from-smart-vending","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,53,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-simple-solution-to-improving-human-supervision-of-algorithms-evidence-from-smart-vending/82511/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"Why can granting full override rights to human workers reduce algorithm performance?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"The abstract notes that full override rights can degrade outcomes due to human bias and noise.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"What is the proposed constrained override policy and how does it work?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"It limits the number of overrides per decision episode to enable selective filtering that prioritizes high-value overrides.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"What were the key results from the smart vending field experiment?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"With free overrides, inventory decreases by 1.95% but sales also drop by 1.19%. Constrained overrides reduce inventory by 1.28% without harming sales, and simulated personalized policies further increase sales probability by 9.1%.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,100,104,109,114,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]