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The report surveys relevant academic and advocacy literature, analyzes formula components such as pupil needs weights, poverty and English learner measures, sparsity, and regional costs, then studies non-formula issues like property tax caps and STAR. It proposes reforms to base and adjusted aid, local share calculations, pupil counting, and transitions, supported by research on other states and public outreach.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-review-of-new-york-states-foundation-aid-education-funding-formula-with-recommendations-for-improvement-december-2024/586030/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-review-of-new-york-states-foundation-aid-education-funding-formula-with-recommendations-for-improvement-december-2024/586030.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jordan Avery","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the report’s purpose regarding New York’s Foundation Aid education funding formula?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The report reviews New York’s Foundation Aid funding approach and provides recommendations for improvement, addressing both the formula design and related policy issues.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which major research topics are covered in Part I?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Part I examines comparative education spending, New York’s evolution toward Foundation Aid, academic literature on equity and formula design, the formula’s impact on funding equity, and evidence from other states.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What kinds of reforms does the report propose in Part II?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Part II proposes changes to base and adjusted foundation aid, the pupil needs index, regional cost index, local share calculations, pupil counting, guaranteed minimum and save harmless, set-asides, reserve funds, and implementation through public outreach and transition plans.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},586030,1792168043,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099523882367,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","DECEMBER 2024  \nA Review of New York State’s  \nFoundation Aid Education Funding Formula With Recommendations For Improvement  \nROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE OF GOVERNMENT  \nLETTER FROM ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE PRESIDENT ROBERT MEGNA 7  \nFOREWORD 9  \nEXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11  \nOther Important Reform Ideas 17  \nPART I: RESEARCH 21  \nEDUCATION SPENDING IN NEW YORK: A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW 23  \nRevenue 29  \nDemographics and Student Characteristics 33  \nNEW YORK’S EVOLUTION TO FOUNDATION AID 39  \nLegal Action and Campaign for Fiscal Equity (CFE) 39  \nNew York State’s CFE Litigation Trilogy 40  \nIn the Wake of CFE 43  \nNew York State’s Foundation Aid Formula 43  \nImplementation 48  \nCall to Reform 50  \nA REVIEW OF ACADEMIC LITERATURE RELEVANT TO  \nNYS’S EDUCATION FINANCING SYSTEM & FOUNDATION AID FORMULA 51  \nI. School Finance Reform and Changing Considerations of Equity 52  \nEquity-Based Reform 53  \nAdequacy-Based Reform 54  \nEfficiency-Based Reform 55  \nRights-Focused Reform and Research 56  \nII. Formula Design Literature 63  \nFoundation Aid Amount: Costing-Out a Sound, Basic Education 66  \nNew York’s “Successful School Districts” Model 67  \nThe Cost-Function Model 69  \nProfessional Judgment Model 72  \nEvidence-Based Model 74  \nComparing the Approaches 75  \nIII. Academic and Advocacy Commentary on New York’s Foundation Aid Formula 79  \nBase Foundation Aid 80  \nLocal Contribution 80  \nWeighting for Special Student Conditions: the Pupil Needs Index 83  \nPoverty Measures 92  \nPoverty Concentration 93  \nEnglish Language Learners 94  \nSparsity Measures 95  \nStudents with Disabilities Measures 96  \nPotential Additional Categories of Pupil Needs Weighting 98  \nRegional Cost Index 99  \nAdjusted Foundation Aid 100  \nSet-Asides 100  \nSave Harmless 101  \nIV. Non-Formula Issues Related to Foundation Aid 105  \nProperty Tax Cap 105  \nSTAR 106  \nDecentralization of Funding Decisions 107  \nV. The Impact of Foundation Aid 109  \nImpact on Funding Equity 110  \nThe “Money Matters” Debate 115  \nNew York Foundation Aid Formula-Focused “Money Matters” Research 120  \nWHAT OTHER STATES ARE DOING 123  \nPoverty and Economic Disadvantage 123  \nIndividual Poverty and Concentrated Poverty 123  \nFree and Reduced-Price Lunch Program 124  \nData Matching: Direct Certification, Income Tax Data, and  \nFamily Questionnaires 126  \nCensus Data 128  \nPoverty Weights 129  \nEnglish Language Learner (ELL) Students 133  \nCompetency Levels 134  \nConcentration or Grade Level 135  \nDoubling-Up: Two Aid Supplements 136  \nMultiplier Structures 137  \nServices for Students with Special Needs 138  \nSpecial Education Funding Structures 140  \nNeeds-Based Variations in Weightings 142  \nExtraordinary Costs 142  \nSparsity 144  \nEligibility for Assistance: Enrollment; Sparsity; Taxing Capacity 145  \nFunding Structures for Unique Conditions 146  \nForm of Assistance 147  \nLocal Revenue Funding 148  \nLocal Share 148  \nLimitations 151  \nPurpose-Based Levies 152  \nMunicipal Variations 152  \nVoter Authority 152  \nState Recapture Provisions 153  \nMinimum State Aid Payments 154  \nPART II: RECOMMENDATIONS 157  \nBASE FOUNDATION AID AMOUNT 159  \nThe “Successful School Districts” Model 159  \nToday’s Realities 160  \nLimited Usable Standardized Outcome Measures 160  \nOptions for Recalculating Base Foundation Aid 161  \nPOLICY CONSIDERATIONS: Update and Revise New York’s Successful  \nSchool Districts (SSD) Model 162  \nADJUSTED FOUNDATION AID AMOUNT 165  \nSome Historical Perspective on Inflation Adjustments 165  \n2024-25 167  \nPOLICY CONSIDERATIONS: Adjusted Foundation Aid Amount 168  \nPUPIL NEEDS INDEX 171  \nPoverty Rate 172  \nIntensity/Concentration of Poverty 175  \nFree and Reduced-Price Lunch 175  \nEnglish Language Learners 177  \nSparsity 179  \nPOLICY CONSIDERATIONS: Pupil Needs Index (PNI) 183  \nREGIONAL COST INDEX 189  \nHistory & Construct 189  \nPOLICY CONSIDERATIONS: Regional Cost Index (RCI) 190  \nLOCAL SHARE 195  \nExpected Minimum Local Contribution (EMLC) 196  \nFoundation Aid State Sharing Ratio (FASSR) 198  \n","cbCaicROoLHiFFce","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicROoLHiFFce","pdf",16008041,314,"English","# Executive Summary\n## Other Important Reform Ideas\n# Part I: Research\n## Education Spending in New York: A Comparative Overview\n## New York’s Evolution to Foundation Aid\n## A Review of Academic Literature Relevant to NYS’s Education Financing System & Foundation Aid Formula\n## The Impact of Foundation Aid\n## What Other States Are Doing\n# Part II: Recommendations\n## Base Foundation Aid Amount\n## Adjusted Foundation Aid Amount\n## Pupil Needs Index\n## Regional Cost Index\n## Local Share\n## Pupil Count\n## Guaranteed Minimum and Save Harmless\n## Set-Asides\n## Reserve Funds\n## Public Outreach\n# Appendices","[{\"question\":\"What is the report’s purpose regarding New York’s Foundation Aid education funding formula?\",\"answer\":\"The report reviews New York’s Foundation Aid funding approach and provides recommendations for improvement, addressing both the formula design and related policy issues.\"},{\"question\":\"Which major research topics are covered in Part I?\",\"answer\":\"Part I examines comparative education spending, New York’s evolution toward Foundation Aid, academic literature on equity and formula design, the formula’s impact on funding equity, and evidence from other states.\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of reforms does the report propose in Part II?\",\"answer\":\"Part II proposes changes to base and adjusted foundation aid, the pupil needs index, regional cost index, local share calculations, pupil counting, guaranteed minimum and save harmless, set-asides, reserve funds, and implementation through public outreach and transition plans.\"}]","A Review of New York State’s Foundation Aid Education Funding Formula With Recommendations For Improvement - December 2024 | PDF",1792056678,791]