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Reviews existing standards such as Cohort Default Rates and the former Gainful Employment rule, then addresses why policymakers need complementary measures, especially after COVID-19 payment pauses. Proposes and evaluates three debt metrics, describing metric definitions, methodology criteria, tradeoffs, and implementation challenges affecting different student groups and institution types.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-policy-makers-guide-to-using-new-student-debt-metrics-to-strengthen-higher-education-accountability/586607/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-policy-makers-guide-to-using-new-student-debt-metrics-to-strengthen-higher-education-accountability/586607.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Angel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why do policymakers need new debt metrics beyond current accountability rules?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Current rules like Cohort Default Rates and the repealed Gainful Employment rule set minimum standards, but policymakers need complementary measures to better hold colleges accountable to borrower outcomes.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did COVID-19 repayment relief affect accountability based on CDRs?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Payment pauses will impact at least four years of CDRs, allowing some colleges to avoid sanctions despite poor outcomes, and surging online enrollment may worsen loan outcomes when relief ends.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What kinds of outcomes do debt metrics aim to capture for borrower success?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The paper groups outcomes into successful degree completion, ability to obtain a well-paying job using credentials, adequate progress on loan repayment, and the manageability of student debt.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},586607,1792062207,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687207412472,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","A POLICYMAKER’S GUIDE TO  \nUsing New Student Debt Metrics to  \nStrengthen Higher Education Accountability  \nAcknowledgements  \nThe Institute for College Access & Success is a trusted source of research, design, and advocacy for student-centered public policies that promote affordability, accountability, and equity in higher education. Our Project on Student Debt increases public understanding of rising student debt and the implications for our families, economy, and society. To learn more about TICAS, visit [ticas.org](ticas.org) and follow us on Twitter at @TICAS org.  \nThis report was researched and written by J. Oliver Schak, with key project support from Madison Weiss, Jessica Thompson, and Nancy Wong.  \nThe project was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. We are grateful to our foundation partners and individual donors whose support makes TICAS’ work possible. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of TICAS and do not necessarily reflect the views of our funders.  \nThis report can be reproduced, with attribution, within the terms of this Creative Commons license: [creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/) .  \nTable of Contents  \nExecutive Summary  \nIntroduction  \nBackground  \nWhat Does Borrower Success Look Like?  \nDebt Metrics  \nMetrics Definitions  \nMethodology and Metric Criteria  \nDiscussion and Analysis: Tradeoffs Between Debt Metrics  \nSummary of Tradeoffs  \nCriterion 1) Can Colleges Credibly Move the Needle on Student Loan  \nOutcomes?  \nCriterion 2) Would Metrics Lead to Disproportionate Impacts on Vulnerable Students?  \nSIDEBAR: College-Level vs. Program-Level Debt Metrics  \nCriterion 3) Does Each Metric Measure Outcomes of All Borrowers and Loan Types?  \nCriterion 4) To What Extent Is Each Metric Valid During an Economic Recession?  \nBOX: The Impact of Changes in Interest Rate  \nCriterion 5) What is the Earliest Valid Measurement Window?  \nCriterion 6) How Well Does Each Metric Cover (Small) Institutions and  \nPrograms?  \nCriterion 7) What Are the Key Implementation Challenges?  \nBOX: Mitigating the Impact of College Resource Inequities on Metrics Using Metrics to Trigger Sanctions  \nPromising Thresholds  \nFitting the Metrics Together  \nRecommendations  \nAppendix I: Metrics Not Featured in this Report  \nAppendix II: Analysis of Seven Example Borrowers  \nAppendix III: Additional Data Tables  \n4  \n9  \n10  \n12  \n14  \n16  \n23  \n25  \n25  \n26  \n32  \n38  \n40  \n42  \n46  \n47  \n51  \n54  \n56  \n57  \n57  \n58  \n62  \n65  \n66  \n77  \nEXECUTIVE SUMMARY  \nCollege remains an essential path to economic security and a better life. Yet, tens of millions of college graduates need student loans to pay for college, and for a generation of students, borrowing for college has become the norm.  \nLoans help students enroll and persist in college and student debt pays off over time for most students who complete a quality credential, especially for those who complete a at a public or non-profit college. But, high default and delinquency rates, escalating loan balances for those who rely on income-drive repayment (IDR) as a safety net to make payments more manageable, and potentially long-term impact on careers and financial security underscore that for some students, federal debt doesn’t pay off at all, and for still others, the payoff is much less than the norm. Moreover, the burdens of student debt fall most heavily on low-income students and underrepresented students of color, reinforcing long-time educational and economic inequities.  \nThe Need to Strengthen Protections for Students Who Borrow to Attend College  \nAlthough colleges cannot guarantee success, too many of them routinely and disproportionately enroll students who ultimately experience adverse debt outcomes. Better identifying these colleges is key to effectively addressing the student debt crisis, including its inequitable impacts.  \nAccountability rules like Cohort Default Rates (CDR) and the recently repea","cbCaicaukjevWMY1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicaukjevWMY1","pdf",2488892,88,"English","# Executive Summary\n# Introduction\n# Background\n# What Does Borrower Success Look Like?\n# Debt Metrics\n## Metrics Definitions\n## Methodology and Metric Criteria\n## Discussion and Analysis: Tradeoffs Between Debt Metrics\n## Summary of Tradeoffs\n## Criterion 1-7\n# Recommendations\n# Appendix I: Metrics Not Featured in this Report\n# Appendix II: Analysis of Seven Example Borrowers\n# Appendix III: Additional Data Tables","[{\"question\":\"Why do policymakers need new debt metrics beyond current accountability rules?\",\"answer\":\"Current rules like Cohort Default Rates and the repealed Gainful Employment rule set minimum standards, but policymakers need complementary measures to better hold colleges accountable to borrower outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"How did COVID-19 repayment relief affect accountability based on CDRs?\",\"answer\":\"Payment pauses will impact at least four years of CDRs, allowing some colleges to avoid sanctions despite poor outcomes, and surging online enrollment may worsen loan outcomes when relief ends.\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of outcomes do debt metrics aim to capture for borrower success?\",\"answer\":\"The paper groups outcomes into successful degree completion, ability to obtain a well-paying job using credentials, adequate progress on loan repayment, and the manageability of student debt.\"}]","A Policy maker’s Guide to Using New Student Debt Metrics to Strengthen Higher Education Accountability | PDF",1792058571,222]