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This review highlights the therapeutic value of vaccines, surveying advances including dendritic cell vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and viral vector-based platforms. It explains how tumor–immune interactions support vaccine-driven antitumor activity and discusses tumor cell, dendritic cell, protein/peptide, and nucleic-acid vaccines. It also reviews combination approaches pairing vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors, TIL therapy, and TCR/CAR-T cell therapy, and evaluates microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer regulation. Specific miRNAs such as miR-21, miR-155, let-7, and the miR-200 family are linked to pathways including PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and EMT, informing biomarker-guided next-generation immunotherapies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-new-era-of-cancer-immunotherapy-vaccines-and-mirnas/370403/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-new-era-of-cancer-immunotherapy-vaccines-and-mirnas/370403.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Valentina","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What vaccines are discussed as key tools in cancer immunotherapy?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The review covers dendritic cell vaccines, mRNA vaccines, viral vector-based approaches, and also tumor cell and dendritic cell vaccines, protein/peptide vaccines, and nucleic-acid vaccines including DNA, RNA, and viral vector-based formats.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How do microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to cancer and immunotherapy strategies?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review explains that miRNAs can regulate cancer development and suppression and influence pathways such as PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and EMT, supporting biomarker-driven therapeutic planning.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which combination therapies are highlighted for improving antitumor responses?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Promising combinations include pairing vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors, TIL therapy, and TCR/CAR-T cell therapy to boost antitumor activity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},370403,1790224051,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},13056703020460,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253dac470eee5d?_k=1778207105932848923","Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy (2025) 74:163 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-025-0401](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-025-0401)1-5  \nA new era of cancer immunotherapy: vaccines and miRNAs  \nGitika Sareen1 · Maneesh Mohan1 · Ashi Mannan1 · Kamal Dua2,3 · Thakur Gurjeet Singh1  \nReceived: 23 January 2025 / Accepted: 3 March 2025 / Published online: 1 April 2025 © The Author(s) 2025  \nAbstract  \nCancer immunotherapy has transformed the treatment landscape, introducing new strategies to fight various types of cancer. This review examines the important role of vaccines in cancer therapy, focusing on recent advancements such as dendritic cell vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and viral vector-based approaches. The relationship between cancer and the immune system highlights the importance of vaccines as therapeutic tools. The discussion covers tumor cell and dendritic cell vaccines, protein/peptide vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines (including DNA, RNA, or viral vector-based), with a focus on their effectiveness and underlying mechanisms. Combination therapies that pair vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors, TIL therapy, and TCR/CAR-T cell therapy show promising potential, boosting antitumor responses. Additionally, the review explores the regulatory functions of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer development and suppression, featuring miR-21, miR- 155, the let-7 family, and the miR-200 family, among others. These miRNAs influence various pathways, such as PI3K/ AKT, NF-κB, and EMT regulation, providing insights into biomarker-driven therapeutic strategies. Overall, this work offers a thorough overview of vaccines in oncology and the integrative role of miRNAs, setting the stage for the next generation of cancer immunotherapies.  \nKeywords Cancer vaccines · Immunotherapy · MicroRNAs (miRNAs) · Combination therapy · Tumor immunogenicity  \nGitika Sareen and Maneesh Mohan have contributed equally as the first authors of this work.  \n* Kamal Dua [Kamal.Dua@uts.edu.au](Kamal.Dua@uts.edu.au)  \n* Thakur Gurjeet Singh  \n[gurjeet.singh@chitkara.edu.in](gurjeet.singh@chitkara.edu.in); [gurjeetthakur@gmail.com](gurjeetthakur@gmail.com)  \nGitika Sareen  \n[sareen.gitika@gmail.com](sareen.gitika@gmail.com)  \nManeesh Mohan  \n[Mohanmaneesh10@gmail.com](Mohanmaneesh10@gmail.com)  \nAshi Mannan  \n[Ashimannan@gmail.com](Ashimannan@gmail.com); [ashi.mannan@chitkara.edu.in](ashi.mannan@chitkara.edu.in)  \n1 Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India  \n2 Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia  \n3 Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia  \nIntroduction  \nCancer represents a diverse group of diseases with uncontrolled growth and spread of neoplastic cells, which escape normal cellular controls, invade nearby tissues, and can metastasize to distant organs. Impairing their regular operations, these cells can infiltrate healthy tissues and potentially metastasize to other body areas. A noticeable reduction in DNA methylation, which lowers the overall quantity of 5-methyl cytosine by 5–6%, is one of the distinct features of cancer cells, contributing to the widespread health issue [1]. This category of disease is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, underscoring its extensive effect on humans [2] . The incidence of cancer differs geographically and is impacted by a wide range of factors, such as exposure to carcinogens, lifestyle choices, age, gender, and genetics. Data from the 1991 Indian census indicate that approximately 609,000 instances of cancer have been reported. The nineteenth century saw the first cancer diagnoses and the twentieth century saw a rise in the disease’s incidence. The International Agency for Research on Cancer projects that by 2035, cancer cases in India will rise to almost 1.7 million, up from 1 million cases in 20","cbCaif8WWuYtqkcf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaif8WWuYtqkcf","pdf",1340414,28,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What vaccines are discussed as key tools in cancer immunotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers dendritic cell vaccines, mRNA vaccines, viral vector-based approaches, and also tumor cell and dendritic cell vaccines, protein/peptide vaccines, and nucleic-acid vaccines including DNA, RNA, and viral vector-based formats.\"},{\"question\":\"How do microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to cancer and immunotherapy strategies?\",\"answer\":\"The review explains that miRNAs can regulate cancer development and suppression and influence pathways such as PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and EMT, supporting biomarker-driven therapeutic planning.\"},{\"question\":\"Which combination therapies are highlighted for improving antitumor responses?\",\"answer\":\"Promising combinations include pairing vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors, TIL therapy, and TCR/CAR-T cell therapy to boost antitumor activity.\"}]","A new era of cancer immunotherapy: vaccines and miRNAs | PDF",1790188361,71]