[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-detail-657520-en":59,"doc-seo-657520-105":82},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":60},{"doc_id":61,"user_id":62,"nickname":63,"user_avatar":64,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":66,"doc_content":67,"file_id":68,"file_url":69,"file_type":70,"file_size":71,"view_count":72,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":73,"language":74,"language_code":75,"site_id":76,"html_lang":75,"table_of_contents":77,"faqs":78,"seo_title":79,"seo_description":66,"update_tm":80,"read_time":81},657520,7971461741311,"Ophelia","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000253aff267980c6?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345379180704826","A NEW APPROACH FOR MODELING OF FUNDAMENTAL DIAGRAMS - By Ning WU - Abstract","According to intra-vehicle interaction, traffic flow can be divided into three homogeneous states: free driving, bunched driving, and standing (jam). Each state is characterized by essential parameters that are independent of specific traffic situations: desired speed for free driving, intra-vehicle gaps (time headway) and convoy mean speed for bunched driving, and maximum jam density for standing. A new model expresses the Fundamental Diagram as a function of these states, enabling capacities and state probabilities.","N. Wu / Transportation Research A 36, p. 867-884. 2002  \nA NEW APPROACH FOR MODELING OF  \nFUNDAMENTAL DIAGRAMS  \nWith corrections in eqs. (10) and (11)  \nBy Ning WU  \nInstitute for Transportation and Traffic Engineering, Ruhr University 44780 Bochum, Germany  \nPaper submitted to \"Transportation Research\" A and Band published in Transportation Research A 36, p. 867-884. 2002  \nAuthor's address:  \nDr. Ning Wu  \nInstitute for Transportation and Traffic Engineering, Ruhr University  \nD-44780 Bochum, Germany  \nPhone: +49 234 3226557  \nFax: +49 234 3214151  \nE-mail: [ning.wu@rub.de](ning.wu@rub.de)  \nN. Wu / Transportation Research A 36, p. 867-884. 2002  \nANEW APPROACH FOR MODELING OF FUNDAMENTAL DIAGRAMS  \nBy Ning WU  \nInstitute for Transportation and Traffic Engineering  \nRuhr University Bochum, Germany  \n[ning.wu@rub.de](ning.wu@rub.de)  \nABSTRACT  \nAccording to the intra-vehicle interaction, a traffic flow can generally be divided into three homogenous states 1) that of free driving, 2) that of bunched driving, and 3) that of standing. The parameter describing the state of free driving is the desired speed, for the state of bunching it is the intra-vehicle gaps (time headway) within the convoy and the mean speed of the convoy, and for the state of standing its is the maximum jam density. These are the most essential parameters which do not depend on the actual traffic situation.  \nThis paper introduces a new model which considers the Fundamental Diagram (equilibrium speed-flow-density relationship) as a function of the homogeneous states. All traffic situations in reality can be considered as combinations of the homogenous states and therefore can be described by the essential parameters mentioned above. The non-congested (fluid) traffic is a combination (superposition) of the states of free driving and bunched driving, the congested (jam, Stop and Go) traffic is a combination of the states of bunched driving (Go) and standing (Stop) . The contribution of the traffic states within the differently  \nN. Wu / Transportation Research A 36, p. 867-884. 2002  \ncongested traffic situations can then be easily obtained from the queuing and probability theory. As a result, Fundamental Diagram in all equilibrium traffic situations is derived as simple functions of the essential parameters.  \nAccording to the new model the capacity of freeways and rural highways can be determined by measuring the essential parameters. This is much easier than measuring the capacity directly.  \nFurthermore, the probabilities of the various traffic states can be obtained from the new model. This leads to new possibilities in real-time controlling and telematics.  \nThe new model is verified by comprehensive measurements carried out on freeways and rural highways in Germany.  \nKeywords:  \nFundamental Diagram, speed-flow-density relationship, freeway, rural highway  \n1 INTRODUCTION  \nThe traffic flow on freeways and rural highways is described traditionally in terms of three parameters: the mean speed v, the traffic flow rate q, and the traffic density k. The functional relationship between these three parameters is called Fundamental Diagram. The three parameters can in general be determined by on-site measurements. However, these parameters are defined as values under equilibrium conditions. These values cannot be measured exactly. All measured values on real-world roads should be considered as  \nN. Wu / Transportation Research A 36, p. 867-884. 2002  \napproximations only. Normally, the measured mean values of the parameters over a longtime interval can be used for describing the Fundamental Diagram. In the Fundamental Diagram, the traffic flow rate q is measured as a time-mean value, the traffic density k and the mean speed v as space-mean values. These three parameters are associated with eachother by the equilibrium relationship q = v ⋅ k. Accordingly, the Fundamental Diagram is defined clearly if a function between two of the three parameters is defined. ","cbCaiqa1xVwCwqrE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqa1xVwCwqrE","pdf",425367,3,43,"English","en",105,"# ABSTRACT\n# Keywords\n# 1 INTRODUCTION","[{\"question\":\"How are the three homogeneous traffic states defined in the model?\",\"answer\":\"Traffic flow is divided into free driving, bunched driving, and standing. Free driving is described by desired speed; bunched driving by intra-vehicle gaps (time headway) and mean convoy speed; standing by maximum jam density.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the key idea of the new approach for the Fundamental Diagram?\",\"answer\":\"The model treats the Fundamental Diagram (equilibrium speed-flow-density relationship) as a function of the homogeneous states. Real traffic is represented as combinations (superposition) of these states.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the new model help determine freeway and rural highway capacity?\",\"answer\":\"Capacity can be determined by measuring the essential parameters of the homogeneous states, which is easier than measuring capacity directly.\"}]","A NEW APPROACH FOR MODELING OF FUNDAMENTAL DIAGRAMS - By Ning WU - Abstract | PDF",1792981952,108,{"code":4,"msg":83,"data":84},"ok",{"site_id":76,"language":75,"slug":85,"title":65,"keywords":86,"description":66,"schema_data":87,"social_meta":140,"head_meta":142,"extra_data":144,"updated_unix":80},"a-new-approach-for-modeling-of-fundamental-diagrams-by-ning-wu-abstract","",{"@graph":88,"@context":139},[89,102,122],{"@type":90,"itemListElement":91},"BreadcrumbList",[92,96,98,100],{"item":93,"name":94,"@type":95,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":97,"name":9,"@type":95,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":99,"name":40,"@type":95,"position":72},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",{"item":101,"name":65,"@type":95,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-new-approach-for-modeling-of-fundamental-diagrams-by-ning-wu-abstract/657520/",{"url":101,"name":65,"@type":103,"image":104,"author":109,"headline":65,"publisher":111,"fileFormat":114,"inLanguage":75,"description":66,"dateModified":115,"datePublished":116,"encodingFormat":114,"isAccessibleForFree":117,"interactionStatistic":118},"DigitalDocument",{"url":105,"@type":106,"width":107,"height":108},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-new-approach-for-modeling-of-fundamental-diagrams-by-ning-wu-abstract/657520.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":63,"@type":110},"Person",{"url":93,"name":112,"@type":113},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-26",true,{"@type":119,"interactionType":120,"userInteractionCount":72},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":121},"ViewAction",{"@type":123,"mainEntity":124},"FAQPage",[125,131,135],{"name":126,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":128},"How are the three homogeneous traffic states defined in the model?","Question",{"text":129,"@type":130},"Traffic flow is divided into free driving, bunched driving, and standing. Free driving is described by desired speed; bunched driving by intra-vehicle gaps (time headway) and mean convoy speed; standing by maximum jam density.","Answer",{"name":132,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":133},"What is the key idea of the new approach for the Fundamental Diagram?",{"text":134,"@type":130},"The model treats the Fundamental Diagram (equilibrium speed-flow-density relationship) as a function of the homogeneous states. Real traffic is represented as combinations (superposition) of these states.",{"name":136,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":137},"How does the new model help determine freeway and rural highway capacity?",{"text":138,"@type":130},"Capacity can be determined by measuring the essential parameters of the homogeneous states, which is easier than measuring capacity directly.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":101,"og:type":141,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":112,"og:description":66},"article",{"robots":143,"canonical":101},"index,follow",{"doc_id":61,"site_id":76}]