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Skeletal muscle mass is derived from a dynamic sub-model, and skeleton, carcass, and live body weights are computed via regression relationships calibrated to experimental data.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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Physiology,Biochemistry and Nutrition of Farm Animals,Russian Academy of Agricultural SciencesBorovsk-3,Kaluga Region,249013,Russia  \n(Reccived 1 February 2001;accepted 7 August 2001)  \n## ABSTRACT\n\nOn the basis of prcviously validated biological concepts,a model ofpostnatal growth in livestockis proposed.It postulates the existence oftwo leading processes,ccll proliferation in growth plates ofbones and nuclei multiplication in skeletal muscle tissue,and surnises that the basic kinetic parame-ters of RNA and protein metabolism in cross-striated muscles remain steady (relatively constant)throughout the pcriod from the carly postnatal stage to maturity.  \nThe weight of skeletal muscle tissue is predicted on the basis of a dynamic sub-model and theweights of the skclcton,carcass and live body are calculated using regression rclationships.Whenapplied to farm animals,the model adequately fit experimental data and predicted that each biologi-cal type and scparate group of animals (breed,sex,line,etc.)has an optimal zone of growth intensitywith the most effective transformation of food into body components.We conclude by sketchingdirections for future work,and suggesting some possible practical implications.  \nKEY WORDS:muscle,bone,livestock,model,growth curve  \n## INTRODUCTION\n\nLivestock production is in urgent need of animals with optimal quantitativetraits in the sense of production efficiency.Progress in biotechnology provides(orwill provide in the nearest future)an opportunity to modify local cell parameterswith the aim of constructing animals with programmed quantitative traits (aug-mented growth,hypertrophied musculature,decreased fatness,etc).These projectsneed instruments for theoretical screening of modified phenotype variants to pre-  \nMODEL OF ANIMAL GROWTH  \ndict performance and to test alternative feeding or management strategies for newtypes of animals.  \nDynamic models of growth in rats and steers have been described previouslybased explicitly on concepts ofhyperplasia(DNA synthesis)and hypertrophy(pro-tein accretion)at the level of the whole organism(Oltjen et al.,1986;Soboleva etal.,1999).Although the models did fit the experimental data,they were consi-dered appropriate only as a first step in achieving the aims of a long-term programon modeling mammalian growth.Here we describe a more dctailed concept withspecial focus on the development of the skeletal-muscular system and inter-organinteractions during postnatal growth in mammals.Growth curves predicted by themodel are compared with rclevant empirical data.Some prospective arcas of ap-plying the theory to animal science are discussed.  \n## A MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF POSTNATAL GROWTH\n\nTaking into account empirical facts and interrelationships observed during thegrowth of bones(Kember,1982)and muscles(Burleigh,1974;Swatland,1977;Allen et al.,1979;Campion et al.,1981,1987)the following cause-and-effectchain of the main events in the course of animal growth can be suggested.Thedivision of cells in the epiphyseal cartilage(with subsequent elongation of myofi-bres)and proliferation of satellite cells lead in the long run to the formation ofmyofibres of a finite length with a finite total pool of myonuclei.The number ofribosomes in the myofibres at any given moment is determined by the balance ofribosome fornation and degradation of ribosomal subunits.Similarly,the totalprotein pool in myofibres depends on the functional activity of ribosomes and onthe stability of muscle proteins(Alberghina,1975;Bates and Millward,1981).The total weight of the skelcton depends on bone length and on compressionalload which,on the other hand,relates to muscle mass.The weight of the fat depotdepends on age and level of nutrition.The sum of the muscle,skeleton and fatdepot weights is the weight of the carcass which is the main component of live-weight(Figure 1).  \n## MODEL\n\nTaking into account","cbCair8tajcPKo0O","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair8tajcPKo0O","pdf",1621299,13,"English","# ABSTRACT\n# INTRODUCTION\n# A MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF POSTNATAL GROWTH\n# MODEL","[{\"question\":\"What are the two main biological processes assumed in the proposed growth model?\",\"answer\":\"The model assumes cell proliferation in bone growth plates and nuclei multiplication in skeletal muscle tissue as the two leading processes driving growth.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the model treat RNA and protein metabolism parameters during development?\",\"answer\":\"It postulates that the basic kinetic parameters of RNA and protein metabolism in cross-striated muscles remain relatively constant from the early postnatal stage to maturity.\"},{\"question\":\"How are body weights and muscle mass estimated in the model?\",\"answer\":\"Skeletal muscle weight is predicted using a dynamic sub-model, while skeleton, carcass, and live body weights are calculated using regression relationships.\"}]","A morphophysiological conception and model of animal growth | PDF",33]