[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-599816-105":59,"doc-detail-599816-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","a-model-of-framing-in-design-teams-empirical-model","A Model of Framing in Design Teams - Empirical model","","How ideas evolve in collaborative design is examined through framing strategies used by four industrial design students designing a popup shop. Observations show key design elements are present early yet continually reframed through intense verbal discussion and sketch-supported reflection-in-action. Patterns of framing, deframing, and reframing tied to symbolic brand elements culminate after four sessions. The study links these patterns to “designerly actions” to develop an empirically grounded framing-cycle model for collaborative settings.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-model-of-framing-in-design-teams-empirical-model/599816/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-model-of-framing-in-design-teams-empirical-model/599816.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"PakDamar76","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main research focus of the paper?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The paper investigates how ideas evolve in collaborative design through the framing strategies and tools used to co-construct shared understanding in early project stages.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did the researchers study the design process?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"They observed a team of four industrial design students for two initial weeks of a seven-week popup shop project, using their discussions and sketch-based reflection-in-action.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What does the proposed model explain?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It explains a framing cycle by identifying patterns of framing, deframing, and reframing of ideas linked to brand-related symbolic elements and connected to specific “designerly actions” in collaborative design situations.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},599816,1792171268,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090893057,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","A Model of Framing in Design Teams  \nMithra Zahedi, University of Montreal, Canada Lorna Heaton, University of Montreal, Canada  \nAbstract  \nHow do ideas evolve in the context of collaborative design? This research explores the framing strategies and tools involved in the co-construction of a shared understanding in the early stages of a design project. We observed a team of four industrial design students working to design a popup shop. We found that, while the key design elements of the solution were present from the early stages of discussion, they were continually framed and reframed through intense verbal discussion supported by sketching reflection-in-action (individual or collective) that help each team member make sense about the popup shop branding, user experience, visibility, structure, etc. The design ideas were crystallized at the end of the fourth working session. The research identifies patterns of framing, deframing and reframing of ideas that emerged from different symbolic elements associated with a brand, allowing students to design customized, non-standard, impressive and complex forms. Linking these patterns with specific ‘designerly actions’ led us to develop an empirically grounded model of the framing cycle. This model extends previous work of Schôn and Dorst and Valkenburg to specifically take into account collaborative design situations. In such situations, discussion among team members plays a vital role in clarifying, explaining, and interpreting as well as in encouraging reflection and critique.  \nKeywords  \nframing, knowledge co-construction, collaborative design, object-world, designerly actions, coreflective practice  \nIntroduction  \nFor many years, we have been involved in teaching design to undergraduate students. Our pedagogy is based on constructivist and experiential learning ideas (Piaget 1967) and learning-by-doing (Dewey 1938/1997), and giving feedback to project-based episodes of design. We noticed that when students work collaboratively on a project, their learning experience is enriched: they better understand the complexity of the design project, they challenge each other, they learn to explain their ideas and refine their arguments to defend them, they develop their critical thinking skills, and they co-construct new understanding of the project. Nevertheless, collaborative design is rarely fully understood by students. Rather than co-constructing understanding and designing together, students’ activity is more akin to cooperation. Kvan (2000) explains that collaboration is “achieved when we have accomplished something in a group which could not be accomplished by an individual”. To collaborate, the group understands the interdependencies of the members and attempts to find solutions that are satisfactory for all group members, whereas cooperation is“characterized by informal relationships that exist without a commonly defined mission, structure or  \neffort”(Kvan, 2000) . Team members divide tasks and information is shared as needed. Also, when people cooperate, the intent and degrees of participation in activities varies.  \nStudents don’t distinguish between these two types of dynamic easily. The creative aspect of collaboration that is achieved by co-construction of ideas during the design process is not well understood. In many situations students divide the project into tasks at the beginning and they assemble their work at the end. This gap of understanding encouraged us to set up design projects where collaboration as we will define it later, is central.  \nUnderstanding what design students need in order to develop and refine their abilities to collaborate with others is all the more important, given the increasing complexity of design projects as a result of economic, social, environmental and technological challenges of today’s world. To meet this reality, practitioners need to work in teams of various experts. To prepare industrial design students to work within this collab","cbCaijYrBkmJzwfJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijYrBkmJzwfJ","pdf",584671,18,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Collaboration vs. cooperation\n## Rationale and educational context\n## Related work\n## Study setup and research focus","[{\"question\":\"What is the main research focus of the paper?\",\"answer\":\"The paper investigates how ideas evolve in collaborative design through the framing strategies and tools used to co-construct shared understanding in early project stages.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the researchers study the design process?\",\"answer\":\"They observed a team of four industrial design students for two initial weeks of a seven-week popup shop project, using their discussions and sketch-based reflection-in-action.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the proposed model explain?\",\"answer\":\"It explains a framing cycle by identifying patterns of framing, deframing, and reframing of ideas linked to brand-related symbolic elements and connected to specific “designerly actions” in collaborative design situations.\"}]","A Model of Framing in Design Teams - Empirical model | PDF",1792089495,45]