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General Movement Assessment is presented as an important clinical screening procedure, but its high cost limits automation. Using deep learning, the study learns feature representations intended to disentangle movement characteristics from subject information across 95 infants. The results show that generalization to unseen subjects remains difficult, with specific modality-dependent challenges in vision and sensor data. Recommendations are provided for future research directions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-machine-learning-study-highlighting-the-challenges-of-fidgety-movement-recognition-using-vision-and-inertial-sensors-recommendations-and-discussion/455660/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-machine-learning-study-highlighting-the-challenges-of-fidgety-movement-recognition-using-vision-and-inertial-sensors-recommendations-and-discussion/455660.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Miles","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"Why is fidgety movement recognition considered clinically important?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"Fidgety movements are reflex-like movements seen in healthy infants and their absence strongly correlates with future neurological disorders, motivating timely intervention. General Movement Assessment is used as a trained clinical screening procedure.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"What data modalities are used in the study?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"The study uses RGB-D video along with inertial measurement unit data to learn representations for recognizing fidgety movements.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What challenges did the model face during recognition?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Although the study could learn features characterizing movement independently of subject information, it remained challenging to obtain feature representations that consistently generalize to subjects unseen during training. Both vision- and sensor-based modalities have specific challenges to address.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},455660,1790743795,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":143},13056703019404,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","[www. nature.com/scientificreports](www. nature.com/scientificreports)  \nOPEN  \nA machine learning study highlighting the challenges of fidgety movement recognition using vision and inertial sensors  \nFalco Lentzsch1􀀍, Frédéric Li1, Friederike Pagel2, Margot Lau2, Andrea Kock2, Hanna Marie Röhling3, Anne Stein3, Maciej Baranowski6, Marco Maass1, Hannes Hölzl4, Sebastian Glende4, Sebastian Mansow-Model3, Ute Thyen2 & Marcin Grzegorzek1,5  \nPast medical research has shown that infantile movement and early neurological development are closely linked. Fidgety Movements that are reflex-like movement occurring in healthy infants less than 20-week of age have proven to be especially important, as past studies have highlighted that their absence is strongly correlated with the future development of neurological disorders like Cerebral Palsy. To provide a timely intervention, the General Movement Assessment was proposed as a screening medical procedure carried out by clinical personnel specifically trained to recognize Fidgety Movements. Because of its high cost in time and resources, several initiatives to automatize General Movement Assessment using machine learning techniques have been proposed in the literature. However none has managed to emerge as state-of-the-art so far. To investigate this problem, we conducted a study using deep learning approaches to learn disentangled feature representations for the recognition of Fidgety Movements using RGB-D video and Inertial Measurement Unit data acquired from 95 infants (average age: 13.79 ± 1.40 weeks) . Our results show that while it is possible to learn features that characterize movement independently of subject information, obtaining feature representations that consistently generalize to subjects unseen during training remains challenging. More specifically, we observe that both the vision-and sensor-based modalities have specific challenges to be addressed for the recognition of Fidgety Movements. We discuss them and provide recommendations to help researchers interested in investigating this problem in the future.  \nKeywords General movement assessment, Body tracking, Inertial measurement units, Deep learning, Feature disentanglement  \nThe three first years after birth are the most critical period of time in the life of an individual regarding human brain development1. During that time, the majority of the neural connections are formed and the brain doubles in size, with the neurological development finally completing in early adulthood. It is therefore extremely important to closely monitor infants during this period of their life to ensure that no abnormalities with potentially lifelong lasting consequences occur. Neurological development has been shown to strongly correlate with infant gestures and movements. This relationship was first described in the 90 s by Heinz Prechtl2, who developed the so-called General Movement Assessment (GMA)3 which focuses on analyzing General Movements (GMs) . GMs are spontaneous reflex-like movements observable from birth until around six months of age. During this period, GMs undergo changes in amplitude, speed, and acceleration, comprising most parts of the body (e.g., neck, limbs) . Depending on the stage of development of the child, GMs are further classified into preterm GMs, which typically occur between 28 and 38 gestational weeks, and term or fidgeting movements, which are usually observed between 38 gestational weeks and 12 weeks post-term. Subsequently, Fidgety Movements (FMs) occur between 10 and 20 weeks post-term4. These different time windows correspond to different phases ofthe infant’sneuromotor maturation, and play a crucial role in the early detection of possible neurological abnormalities.  \n1German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Luebeck 23562, Germany. 2Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum (SPZ), UKSH, Luebeck 23562, Germany. 3Motognosis GmbH, Berlin 10119, Germany. 4YOUSE GmbH, Berlin 13187, Germany. 5University","cbCaimwxsW3udswN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimwxsW3udswN","pdf",4544102,17,"English","# Introduction\n## Clinical background and motivation\n## General Movement Assessment and fidgety movements\n## Study goal and approach\n# Fidgety movements and classification\n## Movement characteristics\n## Quantity categories\n# Findings and recommendations\n## Learning disentangled features\n## Generalization challenges\n## Modality-specific issues","[{\"question\":\"Why is fidgety movement recognition considered clinically important?\",\"answer\":\"Fidgety movements are reflex-like movements seen in healthy infants and their absence strongly correlates with future neurological disorders, motivating timely intervention. General Movement Assessment is used as a trained clinical screening procedure.\"},{\"question\":\"What data modalities are used in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses RGB-D video along with inertial measurement unit data to learn representations for recognizing fidgety movements.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges did the model face during recognition?\",\"answer\":\"Although the study could learn features characterizing movement independently of subject information, it remained challenging to obtain feature representations that consistently generalize to subjects unseen during training. Both vision- and sensor-based modalities have specific challenges to address.\"}]","A machine learning study highlighting the challenges of fidgety movement recognition using vision and inertial sensors - Recommendations and discussion | PDF",43]