[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40336-en":3,"doc-seo-40336-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40336,8796095462418,"Noah","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80000253c1241d02b47?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778826106357471780",2,"Literature","A History of Western Philosophy","A History of Western Philosophy traces the development of Western thought from the earliest Greek philosophers through medieval Christian scholarship and into modern philosophy up to contemporary debates. Guided by the author’s aim to treat philosophy as an integral part of social and political life, the book links major schools and thinkers to the historical conditions that formed them and to the cultural changes they helped drive. Its structure spans ancient, Catholic, and modern periods with detailed chapter-level coverage.","BERTRAND RUSSELL  \nA HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY And Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day  \nSIMON AND SCHUSTER, NEW YORK  \nALL RIGHTS RESERVED INCLUDING THE RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION IN WHOLE ORIN PART IN ANY FORM COPYRIGHT, 1945 , BY BERTRAND RUSSELL PUBLISHED BY SIMON AND SCHUSTER, INC. ROCKEFELLER CENTER, 1230 SIXTH AVENUE NEW  \nYORK 20, N. Y.  \nFourth Printing  \nMANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY AMERICAN BOOKSTRATFORD PRESS, INC., N. Y.  \nTABLE OF CONTENTS  \nPreface by Author  \nix   \nIntroduction xiii   \nBOOK ONE. ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY  \nPart I. The Pre-Socratics  \n3   \nChapter I. The Rise of Greek Civilization  \n3   \nChapter II. The Milesian School  \n24   \nChapter III. Pythagoras  \n29   \nChapter IV. Heraclitus  \n38   \nChapter V. Parmenides  \n48   \nChapter VI. Empedocles  \n53   \nChapter VII. Athens in Relation to Culture  \n58   \nChapter VIII. Anaxagoras  \n61   \nChapter IX. The Atomists  \n64   \nChapter X. Protagoras  \n73   \nPart II. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle  \n82   \nChapter XI. Socrates  \n82   \nChapter XII. The Influence of Sparta  \n94   \nChapter XIII. The Sources of Plato's Opinions  \nChapter XXIII. Aristotle's Physics  \n203   \nChapter XXIV. Early Greek Mathematics and Astronomy  \n208   \nPart III. Ancient Philosophy after Aristotle  \n218   \nChapter XXV. The Hellenistic World  \n218   \nChapter XXVI. Cynics and Sceptics  \n228   \nChapter XXVII. The Epicureans  \n240   \nChapter XXIX. Stoicism  \n252   \nChapter XXIX. The Roman Empire in Relation to Culture  \n270   \nChapter XXX. Plotinus  \n284   \nBOOK TWO. CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY  \nIntroduction  \n301   \nPart I. The Fathers  \n308   \nChapter I. The Religious Development of the Jews 308  Chapter II. Christianity During the First Four Centuries  \n324   \nChapter III. Three Doctors of the Church  \n334   \nChapter IV. Saint Augustine's Philosophy and Theology  \n352   \nChapter V. The Fifth and Sixth Centuries  \n366   \nChapter VI. Saint Benedict and Gregory the Great  \n375   \nPart II. The Schoolmen  \n388   \nChapter VII. The Papacy in the Dark Ages  \n388   \nChapter VIII. John the Scot  \n400   \nChapter IX. Ecclesiastical Reform in the Eleventh Century  \n407   \nChapter X. Mohammedan Culture and Philosophy  \n419   \n-vi-  \nChapter XI. The Twelfth Century  \n428   \nChapter XII. The Thirteenth Century  \n441   \nChapter XIII. Saint Thomas Aquinas  \n452   \nChapter XIV. Franciscan Schoolmen  \n463   \nChapter XV. The Eclipse of the Papacy  \n476   \nBOOK THREE. MODERN PHILOSOPHY  \nPart I. From the Renaissance to Hume  \n491   \nChapter I. General Characteristics  \n491   \nChapter II. The Italian Renaissance  \n495   \nChapter III. Machiavelli  \n504   \nChapter IV. Erasmus and More  \n512   \nChapter V. The Reformation and CounterReformation  \n522   \nChapter VI. The Rise of Science  \n525   \nChapter VII. Francis Bacon  \n541   \nChapter VIII. Hobbes's Leviathan  \n546   \nChapter IX. Descartes  \n557   \nChapter X. Spinoza  \n569   \nChapter XI. Leibniz  \n581   \nChapter XII. Philosophical Liberalism  \n596   \nChapter XIII. Locke's Theory of Knowledge  \n604   \nChapter XIV. Locke's Political Philosophy  \nChapter XXIV. Schopenhauer  \n753   \nChapter XXV. Nietzsche  \n760   \nChapter XXVI. The Utilitarians  \n773   \nChapter XXVII. Karl Marx  \n782   \nChapter XXVIII. Bergson  \n791   \nChapter XXIX. William James  \n811   \nChapter XXX. John Dewey  \n819   \nChapter XXXI. The Philosophy of Logical Analysis  \n828   \nIndex  \n837   \nPREFACE  \nMANY histories of philosophy exist, and it has not been my purpose merely to add one to their number. My purpose is to exhibit philosophy as an integral part of social and political life: not asthe isolated speculations of remarkable individuals, but as both an effect and a cause of the character of the various communities in which dferent systemsflourished. This purpose demands more account of general history than is usually given by historians of philosophy. I have found this particularly necessary as regards periods with which the ge","cbCaio38SnwG2Dk7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaio38SnwG2Dk7","pdf",5139583,5,1,955,"English","en",105,"# Preface\n# Introduction\n# Book One. Ancient Philosophy\n## The Pre-Socratics\n## Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle\n## Ancient Philosophy after Aristotle\n# Book Two. Catholic Philosophy\n## The Fathers\n## The Schoolmen\n# Book Three. Modern Philosophy\n## From the Renaissance to Hume\n## Modern thinkers and movements","[{\"question\":\"What is the central purpose of the book as stated in the preface?\",\"answer\":\"To present philosophy as an integral part of social and political life, showing how it both arises from and shapes the communities in which philosophical systems flourish.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the author justify the selection and length given to different philosophers?\",\"answer\":\"Philosophers’ importance in the book may reflect influence on the prevailing philosophical temper rather than only their philosophical merit.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the book organized across time periods?\",\"answer\":\"It is divided into Book One (Ancient Philosophy), Book Two (Catholic Philosophy), and Book Three (Modern Philosophy), each further broken into thematic parts and chapters.\"}]",1783310506,1471,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"a-history-of-western-philosophy","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-history-of-western-philosophy/40336/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-11","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What is the central purpose of the book as stated in the preface?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"To present philosophy as an integral part of social and political life, showing how it both arises from and shapes the communities in which philosophical systems flourish.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the author justify the selection and length given to different philosophers?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Philosophers’ importance in the book may reflect influence on the prevailing philosophical temper rather than only their philosophical merit.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How is the book organized across time periods?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"It is divided into Book One (Ancient Philosophy), Book Two (Catholic Philosophy), and Book Three (Modern Philosophy), each further broken into thematic parts and chapters.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,100,104,108,113,118,123,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":109,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":114,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":20,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]