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The guideline explains the conceptual basis of ICC and emphasizes that there are 10 ICC forms, each relying on distinct calculation assumptions and supporting different interpretations. Researchers are advised to specify the ICC form used and report software, model, type, and definition selections, while readers should verify ICC-form reporting and interpret reliability via 95% confidence intervals.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-guideline-of-selecting-and-reporting-intraclass-correlation-coefficients-reliability-research/167275/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-guideline-of-selecting-and-reporting-intraclass-correlation-coefficients-reliability-research/167275.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Noah","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-17","2026-08-31",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) used for in reliability research?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"ICC is used as a reliability index for test-retest, intrarater, and interrater reliability analyses. It reflects both correlation degree and agreement between measurements.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why do researchers need to specify the ICC form they use?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"There are 10 ICC forms, and each form involves distinct calculation assumptions that can lead to different results and interpretations. Correct application and accurate reporting of the chosen form are therefore essential.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How should readers interpret ICC results using reliability thresholds?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Based on the 95% confidence interval of the ICC estimate, values below 0.5 indicate poor reliability, 0.5–0.75 indicate moderate reliability, 0.75–0.9 indicate good reliability, and above 0.90 indicate excellent reliability.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},167275,1788211458,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":143},8796095462418,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80000253c1241d02b47?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778826106357471780","Journal of Chiropractic Medicine (2015) xx, xxx–xxx  \n[www.journalchiromed.com](www.journalchiromed.com)  \nA Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research  \nTerry K Koo PhD a,⁎, Mae Y Li BPSb  \na Director & Associate Professor, Foot Levelers Biomechanics Research Laboratory, New York Chiropractic College, Seneca Falls, NY  \nb DC Candidate, Foot Levelers Biomechanics Research Laboratory, New York Chiropractic College, Seneca Falls, NY  \nReceived 30 July 2015; received in revised form 3 November 2015; accepted 9 November 2015  \nKey indexing terms:  \nReliability and validity; Research;  \nStatistics  \nAbstract  \nObjective: Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is a widely used reliability index in testretest, intrarater, and interrater reliability analyses. This article introduces the basic concept of ICC in the content of reliability analysis.  \nDiscussion for Researchers: There are 10 forms ofICCs. Because each form involves distinct assumptions in their calculation and will lead to different interpretations, researchers should explicitly specify the ICC form they used in their calculation. A thorough review of the research design is needed in selecting the appropriate form ofICC to evaluate reliability. The best practice of reporting ICC should include software information,“model,” “type,” and “definition” selections. Discussion for Readers: When coming across an article that includes ICC, readers should first check whether information about the ICC form has been reported and if an appropriate ICC form was used. Based on the95%confident interval ofthe ICC estimate, values less than0.5, between0.5 and 0.75, between 0.75 and 0.9, and greater than 0.90 are indicative of poor, moderate, good, and excellent reliability, respectively.  \nConclusion: This article provides a practical guideline for clinical researchers to choose the correct form ofICC and suggests the best practice of reporting ICC parameters in scientific publications. This article also gives readers an appreciation forwhat to look for when coming across ICC while reading an article.© 2015 National University of Health Sciences.  \n⁎ Corresponding author: Terry K Koo, PhD, 2360 State Route 89, Seneca Falls, NY, 13148 .  \nE-mail address: [tkoo@nycc.edu](tkoo@nycc.edu) (T. K. Koo).  \n[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012)  \n1556-3707/© 2015 National University of Health Sciences.  \nIntroduction  \nBefore any measurement instruments or assessment tools can be used for research or clinical applications, their reliability must be established. Reliability is defined as the extent to which measurements can be replicated. 1  \n2 T. K. Koo and M. Y. Li  \nIn other words, it reflects not only degree of correlation but also agreement between measurements. 2,3 Mathematically, reliability represents a ratio of true variance over true variance plus error variance. 4,5 This concept is illustrated in Table 1 . As indicated in the calculation, reliability value ranges between 0 and 1, with values closer to 1 representing stronger reliability. Historically, Pearson correlation coefficient, paired t test, and Bland-Altman plot have been used to evaluate reliability. 3,6–8 However, paired ttestand Bland-Altman plot are methods for analyzing agreement, and Pearson correlation coefficient is only a measure of correlation, and hence, they are nonideal measures of reliability. A more desirable measure of reliability should reflect both degree of correlation and agreement between measurements. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is such as an index.  \nIntraclass correlation coefficient was first introduced by Fisher 9 in 1954 as a modification of Pearson correlation coefficient. However, modern ICC is calculated by mean squares (ie, estimates of the population variances based on the variability among a given set of measures) obtained through analysis of variance. Nowadays, ICC has been w","cbCaimjOQjrHONDU","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimjOQjrHONDU","pdf",367121,"English","# Abstract\n## Objective\n## Discussion for Researchers and Readers\n## Conclusion\n# Introduction\n## Reliability concept and historical context\n## Purpose and significance of ICC\n## Tables and examples","[{\"question\":\"What is the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) used for in reliability research?\",\"answer\":\"ICC is used as a reliability index for test-retest, intrarater, and interrater reliability analyses. It reflects both correlation degree and agreement between measurements.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do researchers need to specify the ICC form they use?\",\"answer\":\"There are 10 ICC forms, and each form involves distinct calculation assumptions that can lead to different results and interpretations. Correct application and accurate reporting of the chosen form are therefore essential.\"},{\"question\":\"How should readers interpret ICC results using reliability thresholds?\",\"answer\":\"Based on the 95% confidence interval of the ICC estimate, values below 0.5 indicate poor reliability, 0.5–0.75 indicate moderate reliability, 0.75–0.9 indicate good reliability, and above 0.90 indicate excellent reliability.\"}]","A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients - Reliability Research | PDF",23]