[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-361903-105":59,"doc-detail-361903-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","a-guide-to-extrachromosomal-dna-cancers-dynamic-circular-genome-minireview","A Guide to Extrachromosomal DNA: Cancer’s Dynamic Circular Genome - Minireview","","Focal amplifications of oncogenes drive cancer and can arise on chromosomes or as circular extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA). This minireview summarizes ecDNA biology and explains why ecDNA amplifications show distinct features linked to poor patient outcomes, including the prevalence of ecDNA across human cancers. It provides a historical overview and presents an up-to-date guide to computational and experimental tools, with a perspective on how emerging insights may improve clinical care for cancer patients.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-guide-to-extrachromosomal-dna-cancers-dynamic-circular-genome-minireview/361903/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-guide-to-extrachromosomal-dna-cancers-dynamic-circular-genome-minireview/361903.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Eliana","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What makes ecDNA important in cancer?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Focal oncogene amplifications on ecDNA are common cancer drivers and are associated with poor patient outcomes and distinct biology. ecDNA also supports mechanisms for drug-resistance evolution.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did the field historically identify and name ecDNA?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"ecDNA was first recognized in the 1960s as multicopy “double minutes” (DM) in metaphase chromosome spreads. Although DM is still used, the review favors the ecDNA term based on observed structural proportions across cancer cell lines.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What tools are discussed for studying ecDNA?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review covers computational and experimental tools and describes how advances in technologies have expanded understanding. It also contrasts earlier detection based on cytogenetic chromosome analysis with later next-generation sequencing approaches.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},361903,1790487474,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},4398048949847,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002536579ef2da7f?_k=1778318612642679267","Minireview  \nA Guide to Extrachromosomal DNA: Cancer’s Dynamic Circular Genome   \nNatasha E. Weiser1, Thomas B.K. Watkins1, Howard Y. Chang1,2, and Paul S. Mischel1, 3  \nFocal amplifications of oncogenes are important cancer drivers. They can occur on  \nchromosomes or in the context of circular extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA). Many key features of ecDNAs were described in the 1960s to 1980s, including their “unstable” nature and their ability to confer drug resistance. With the benefit of new technologies, our understanding of ecDNAs has advanced dramatically in the last decade, both in breadth and in depth, including the remarkable discovery that ecDNAs are present in 17% of all cancers and are associated with worse patient outcomes. In this study, we present a guide to ecDNA tools and biology.  \nSignificance: Focal amplifications on ecDNAs are commonly found in cancer and are associated with poor patient outcomes and distinct biology. In this review, we provide a guide to ecDNA biology and available tools as well as our perspective on this rapidly evolving field.  \nintroduction  \nExtrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is emerging as a clinically significant phenomenon in many human cancer types. In this review, we provide historical perspective, summarize the available computational and experimental tools available for ecDNA research, and highlight the latest advances in this growing field. Finally, we provide our perspective on how our understanding of ecDNA biology may drive improvements in clinical care for patients with cancer.  \nHistorical PersPective and noteson noMenclature  \necDNA was first identified in the 1960s as multicopy small, paired chromatin bodies, termed “double minutes”  \n(DM) in metaphase chromosome spreads from patients  \n1Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. 2Departments of Dermatology and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. 3Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California.  \nCurrent address for H.Y. Chang: Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California.  \nH.Y. Chang and P.S. Mischel co-corresponding authors.  \nCorresponding Authors:Paul S. Mischel, Department of Pathology, Stanford University 300 Pasteur Drive L235, Stanford, CA 94305. E-mail: [pmischel@stanford.edu](pmischel@stanford.edu); Howard Y. Chang, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, CCSR Building MC 5168, 269 Campus Drive Rm 2145, Stanford, CA 94305. E-mail: [howchang@stanford.edu](howchang@stanford.edu)  \nCancer Discov 2025;15:1105–14  \ndoi: 10. 1158/2159-8290 . CD-25-0230  \nThis open access article is distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.©2025 The Authors; Published by the American Association for Cancer Research  \nwith cancer (1, 2) . Subsequent work in the 1970s and 1980s identified a number of ecDNA features that contribute to our modern understanding of ecDNA biology and relevance: i) ecDNAs contain protein-coding genes, including oncogenes (3), ii) ecDNAs are circular structures (4) which lack centromeres (5), iii) individual cells from a single culture or tumor exhibit a wide range of ecDNA copy number, ranging from zero to hundreds of ecDNA copies per cell (6), and iv) ecDNAs serve as a mechanism for the amplification of drug-resistant genes and for the evolution of drug-resistant alleles (7–9) .  \nAlthough the term “DM” is still used today by some researchers, we favor the term ecDNA, as it was demonstrated that only about 30% of ecDNAs appear as paired structures in metaphase chromosome spreads across a variety of cancer cell lines (10) . Notably, the designation of DM remains associated with some cell lines such as COLO320DM to denote their ecDNA+ status. ecDNAs differ from other types of circular ecDNA molecules that are found in noncancerous eukaryotic cells. These include a variety of small circular DNA particles called extrachromosomal circular DNA","cbCaiiMudaYdIiRW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiMudaYdIiRW","pdf",7575054,"English","# Introduction\n# Historical perspective and nomenclature\n## “Double minutes” (DM) and the ecDNA term\n# Cytogenetic detection and limitations\n## Giemsa-banding and next-generation sequencing (NGS)\n# ecDNA as unstable amplification\n## Functional significance in cancer","[{\"question\":\"What makes ecDNA important in cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Focal oncogene amplifications on ecDNA are common cancer drivers and are associated with poor patient outcomes and distinct biology. ecDNA also supports mechanisms for drug-resistance evolution.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the field historically identify and name ecDNA?\",\"answer\":\"ecDNA was first recognized in the 1960s as multicopy “double minutes” (DM) in metaphase chromosome spreads. Although DM is still used, the review favors the ecDNA term based on observed structural proportions across cancer cell lines.\"},{\"question\":\"What tools are discussed for studying ecDNA?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers computational and experimental tools and describes how advances in technologies have expanded understanding. It also contrasts earlier detection based on cytogenetic chromosome analysis with later next-generation sequencing approaches.\"}]","A Guide to Extrachromosomal DNA: Cancer’s Dynamic Circular Genome - Minireview | PDF",1790145939,25]