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Existing prognostic tools such as PESI and PERFORM use discrete scoring systems and include subjective variables that can bias prediction. This study introduces CON-PERFORM, a functional prognostic model using objective parameters (age, heart rate, and PaO2) with continuous optimization-derived weights, evaluated in retrospective and prospective cohorts and shown to outperform PERFORM in AUC, accuracy, and specificity.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-functionalized-method-for-assessing-the-risk-of-adverse-events-in-patients-with-pulmonary-embolism-research-focus/417666/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-functionalized-method-for-assessing-the-risk-of-adverse-events-in-patients-with-pulmonary-embolism-research-focus/417666.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Lucas Martin","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does the study address in pulmonary embolism risk prediction?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study targets the need for more accurate early risk stratification in PE. 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Front. Med. 12:1701432 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1701432  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Sun, Yu, Xie, Lu and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nA functionalized method for assessing the risk of adverse events in patients with pulmonary embolism  \nKeyu Sun1,2 , Long Yu1,3,4* , Zichen Xie2 , Haisu Lu2 and Shengzhang Wang1*  \n1 Institute of Biomechanics, College of Biomedical Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,  \n2 Emergency Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 3Transvascular Implantation Devices Research Institute, Hangzhou, China, 4 School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China  \nBackground: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common and potentially fatal condition in emergency medicine, and accurate early risk stratification is critical for guiding clinical management. Existing prognostic models, such as the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI) and PERFORM, rely on discrete scoring systems and subjective variables, which may introduce bias and limit predictive precision.  \nMethods: In this study, we propose CON-PERFORM, a novel functional prognostic model that incorporates three readily available objective parameters: age, heart rate, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2 ) . Weighting coefficients were determined through functional optimization rather than empirical cutoffs, yielding a continuous risk score designed to improve accuracy and threshold stability. A retrospective cohort of 559 objectively confirmed PE patients (373 in the training set, 186 in the validation set) was used to construct and evaluate the model, and an independent prospective cohort of 128 patients was collected for further validation.  \nResults: Compared with the PERFORM method, CON-PERFORM demonstrated superior diagnostic performance, with higher area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, and specificity, while maintaining comparable sensitivity. In the training cohort, CON-PERFORM achieved an AUC of 0.841 versus 0.793 for PERFORM, with consistent improvements observed in both the validation and prospective cohorts. Moreover, CON-PERFORM effectively stratified patients into high-and low-risk groups, which displayed distinct survival and discharge patterns over 30 days.  \nConclusion: In conclusion, CON-PERFORM provides a simple, objective, and robust tool for individualized risk assessment in PE. Its improved diagnostic performance and stability across cohorts highlight its potential for clinical application and resource optimization in emergency care.  \nKEYWORDS  \nfunction analysis, physiological parameters, pulmonary embolism, risk assessment, weight coefficient  \n1 Introduction  \nPulmonary embolism (PE) is a common condition in emergency departmentsand is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity, necessitating timely and accurate treatment. Fatal outcomes typ","cbCaiaI0ict4eY0A","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaI0ict4eY0A","pdf",1851780,11,"English","# Introduction\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study address in pulmonary embolism risk prediction?\",\"answer\":\"The study targets the need for more accurate early risk stratification in PE. It highlights limitations of existing models that rely on discrete scoring and potentially subjective variables.\"},{\"question\":\"How does CON-PERFORM estimate risk?\",\"answer\":\"CON-PERFORM is a functional prognostic model that uses three objective parameters: age, heart rate, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). Weighting coefficients are determined via functional optimization, producing a continuous risk score.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the key performance results compared with PERFORM?\",\"answer\":\"CON-PERFORM showed superior diagnostic performance versus PERFORM, including higher AUC, accuracy, and specificity while maintaining comparable sensitivity. It also stratified patients into high- and low-risk groups with distinct outcomes over 30 days.\"}]","A functionalized method for assessing the risk of adverse events in patients with pulmonary embolism - Research focus | PDF",1790610052,28]