[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-595115-105":59,"doc-detail-595115-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","a-field-project-investigating-the-influence-of-urban-noise-on-eastern-gray-squirrel-behavior","A Field Project Investigating the Influence of Urban Noise on Eastern Gray Squirrel Behavior","","Science education increasingly encourages students to gain experience conducting research, yet field projects that allow hypothesis testing within a single semester are difficult to implement. This inquiry-based activity examines how urban noise affects eastern gray squirrel behavior. 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Darling, Alyssa Smith, and Alex Mello  \nDepartment of Biology  \n577 Western Avenue  \nWestfield State College  \nWestfield, MA 01086  \nEmail: [RDarling@westfield.ma.edu](RDarling@westfield.ma.edu)  \nAbstract: Many science departments encourage students to gain experience conducting research. However, finding ecological research projects that allow students to test a hypothesis in the field, over the relatively short time span of a semester, can be challenging. This article describes an inquiry-based research activity examining the influence that urban noise has on the behavior of gray squirrels. One of the consequences of urbanization is increased noise from automobiles and other human activities. This research project allows students to pose hypotheses regarding how squirrel behavior changes in response to human noise and then test those hypotheses. This activity is well suited for students in ecology, animal behavior, or vertebrate biology classes. It allows students flexibility in the hypothesis they test and the methods they use, while giving students a framework that lets them successfully complete a field research project. Students gain experience developing hypotheses, designing a field experiment, writing a research proposal, collecting field data, conducting data analysis, and presenting the results of their project.  \nKeywords: Ecology, urban ecology, animal behavior, squirrels, behavioral ecology, foraging behavior, student research, research projects, teaching methods, undergraduate research, flight initiation distance, flight distance, escape distance, alert distance, noise pollution, urban noise, vertebrate biology  \nIntroduction  \nThere has been an increasing desire among many science departments to encourage students to gain experience conducting scientific research. When conducting laboratory experiments, it is relatively easy to control variables. However, field projects can be extremely time-consuming, and it can require tremendous amounts of time and effort to conduct experiments on animals in the field. This article describes an inquiry-based research activity examining the influence that urban noise has on the behavior of gray squirrels. Students gain experience developing hypotheses, designing an experiment, writing a research proposal, conducting data analysis, and presenting the results of their project  \nOne of us, the first author, is an instructor for a course that uses this activity at our institution. The other two authors are students that have conducted this research project and have assisted in revising the activity.  \nIntroduction to Eastern Gray Squirrels  \nEastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) are common in North America and range throughout much of the central and eastern part of the United States and the southern regions of Canada (Koprowski, 1994; Whitaker 1996) . These squirrels are generally grayish or brownish in color, although there is a black (melanistic) morph that is found in certain regions, particularly in Canada. They are medium-sized tree-dwelling squirrels and build large nests (dreys) of twigs and leaves high up in trees. When the leaves of deciduous trees drop in the fall, it is easy to spot the conspicuous dreys. In addition to dwelling in dreys, gray squirrels frequently have a den in a hollowed-out tree trunk (Koprowski, 1994; Whitaker 1996) . The dreys are frequently used in warmer months while cavity dens are often used in winter (Koprowski, 1994) . Eastern gray squirrels are not territorial, and squirrels have overlapping home ranges. Their home ranges vary from 0.5 hectares to over 20 hectares (Koprowski, 1994) .  \nGray squirrels are diurnal (are most active at dawn and dusk) . Their peak activity occurs about two hours after sunrise, and two-five hours before sunset (Koprowski, 1994) . They have a broad diet that includes seeds, nuts, flowers, fruit, ","cbCaikrQnRkxEjoR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikrQnRkxEjoR","pdf",291601,"English","# Introduction\n## Introduction to Eastern Gray Squirrels\n## Introduction to Influence of Urban Noise on Squirrel Behavior","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the field project described in the document?\",\"answer\":\"To investigate how urban noise influences the behavior of eastern gray squirrels through an inquiry-based research activity.\"},{\"question\":\"How do students structure the research within a semester?\",\"answer\":\"Students develop hypotheses, design a field experiment, write a research proposal, collect field data, analyze results, and present their findings.\"},{\"question\":\"Which specific behavioral measure is discussed for assessing responses to disturbance?\",\"answer\":\"Flight initiation distance, also referred to as flight distance, escape distance, or alert distance.\"}]","A Field Project Investigating the Influence of Urban Noise on Eastern Gray Squirrel Behavior | PDF",1792080469]