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Risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol, and HPV also carry negative social and moral implications. Using a critical constructionist lens, the study examines how healthcare context discourses shape patients’ and professionals’ responses. Semi-structured interviews and discourse analysis show deviance dominates shared narratives through labelling, avoidance, blaming, shame, and categorization, devaluing those viewed as non-normal.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-discourse-of-deviance-blame-shame-stigma-and-the-social-construction-of-head-and-neck-cancer/381984/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-discourse-of-deviance-blame-shame-stigma-and-the-social-construction-of-head-and-neck-cancer/381984.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"awa","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-25","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does head and neck cancer affect patients beyond the physical disease?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The article describes how cancer and its treatments can alter appearance and function, disrupt communication and social rituals, and challenge self-esteem and self-identity. These changes can also contribute to anxiety, depression, disgust, and embarrassment.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What role does discourse play in shaping responses to head and neck cancer?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Language and discourse construct disease and illness, influencing how the condition is managed both institutionally and socially. The study finds that common discourses dominate through metaphors, descriptors, and collective labels that steer responses.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What did the study conclude about stigma and deviance in healthcare discourse?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It concludes that deviance dominates the common discourse and is expressed through labelling, avoidance, blaming, shame, and categorization. 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McCarthy3, and Patsy Yates4  \nAbstract  \nCancer of the head and neck is a confronting condition, as the disease and its treatments alter the appearance and function of body organs associated with physical appearance and identity. Many of the risk factors for head and neck cancers, including tobacco, alcohol, and human papilloma virus, can also have significant negative social and moral permutations. Language and action (discourse) plays an important role in constructing disease and illness and shape the way it is managed, both institutionally and socially. This research used a critical constructionist lens to investigate how the common discourses surrounding head and neck cancer are constructed within the healthcare context and how this influences patients and healthcare professionals’ responses to the illness. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field noting, journaling and literature reviews. Analysis was guided by a three-dimensional approach to critical discourse analysis that investigated text, discursive practices, and social context. The overarching finding was that deviance dominates the common discourse and shapes head and neck cancer and responses to it. Deviance is channelled through metaphors, adjectives, descriptors, and collective nouns and is made overt through labelling, avoidance, blaming, shame, and categorization. Discourse is contextualized by a sociocultural understanding that when someone deviates from what is perceived as normal, they are devalued. Open dialogue and reflection on head and neck cancer discourse could enable better understanding of how people experience their condition and inform more supportive responses.  \nKeywords  \nhead and neck cancer, deviance, discourse, social construction, illness and disease  \nBackground  \nCancer of the head and neck, particularly of the mouth and throat, is a confronting condition. The disease and its treatments often alter the appearance and function of body organs associated with physical appearance and identity. It also profoundly affects a person ’s ability to engage with important social rituals associated with communicating, eating, and drinking. This is because cancers ofthis region require challenging multimodal treatment. The particular stressors associated with both the principal diagnosis and the side effects of treatment include body image concerns (Bennion & Molassiotis, 2013; Costa et al., 2014; Ellis et al., 2019; Qualizza et al., 2018) impaired taste (McLaughlin & Mahon, 2014) loss of speech, and respiratory and nutritional alterations (Bressan et al., 2017; Ehrsson et al., 2015). All these changes can challenge selfesteem and self-identity, percolating into many aspects of everyday life long after the initial cancer has been treated (Fillion et al., 2009; Fitchett et al., 2018; Threader &  \nMcCormack, 2016) . Furthermore, it can lead to anxiety, depression (Suzuki et al., 2016), and feelings of disgust and embarrassment (Azlan et al., 2017a, 2017b; Powell et al., 2016; Reynolds et al., 2014) .  \nStudies exploring the effects of other cancers with obvious physical changes (e.g., breast cancer) indicate that physical alterations such as a mastectomy and hair  \n1 Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia  \n2School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia  \n3University of Queensland and Mater Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia  \n4Cancer and Palliative Care Outcom","cbCaikzhh11K68Ie","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikzhh11K68Ie","pdf",656877,13,"English","# Abstract\n# Background\n## Impact of head and neck cancer on identity\n## Social responses: stigma and exclusion","[{\"question\":\"How does head and neck cancer affect patients beyond the physical disease?\",\"answer\":\"The article describes how cancer and its treatments can alter appearance and function, disrupt communication and social rituals, and challenge self-esteem and self-identity. These changes can also contribute to anxiety, depression, disgust, and embarrassment.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does discourse play in shaping responses to head and neck cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Language and discourse construct disease and illness, influencing how the condition is managed both institutionally and socially. The study finds that common discourses dominate through metaphors, descriptors, and collective labels that steer responses.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the study conclude about stigma and deviance in healthcare discourse?\",\"answer\":\"It concludes that deviance dominates the common discourse and is expressed through labelling, avoidance, blaming, shame, and categorization. Sociocultural understandings make those seen as deviating from normal appear devalued.\"}]","A Discourse of Deviance - Blame, Shame, Stigma and the Social Construction of Head and Neck Cancer | PDF",1790248323,33]