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The analysis also shows cross-year stylistic similarity, such as Romeo and Juliet (1596) aligning more closely with plays written after 1600.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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does the analysis measure across Shakespeare’s plays over time?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It tracks stylistic changes using quantitative measurements including sentence length, adjective/adverb frequencies, and sentiment expressed in the text.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How accurate is the machine learning prediction of the play’s year?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The stylometric year prediction achieves a Pearson correlation of 0.71 between actual and predicted years.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What stylistic relationship does the study find for Romeo and Juliet?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Although dated 1596, Romeo and Juliet is more similar in stylometrics to plays written by Shakespeare after 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\nCharles Swisher, Lior Shamir  \nKansas State University, Unite States of America  \n*Corresponding author: Lior Shamir [lshamir@mtu.edu](lshamir@mtu.edu)  \nAbstract  \nThe availability of quantitative text analysis methods has provided new ways of analyzing literature ina manner that was not available in the pre-information era. Here we apply comprehensive machine learning analysis to the work of William Shakespeare. The analysis shows clear changes in the style of writing over time, with the most significant changes in the sentence length, frequency of adjectivesand adverbs, and the sentiments expressed in the text. Applying machine learning to make astylometric prediction of the year of the play shows a Pearson correlation of 0.71 between the actual and predicted year, indicating that Shakespeare's writing style as reflected by the quantitative measurements changed over time. Additionally, it shows that the stylometrics of some of the plays is more similar to plays written either before or after the year they were written. For instance, Romeo and Juliet is dated 1596, but is more similar in stylometrics to plays written by Shakespeare after 1600. The source code for the analysis is available for free download.  \nkeywords  \nShakespeare; text analytics; machine learning  \nINTRODUCTION  \nBeing one of the most in influential authors in history, the analysis of the stylometrics of William Shakespeare has been a topic of substantial interest. In addition to \"traditional\" manual analysis, the work of Shakespeare was also analyzed by using mathematical and quantitative approaches [Brainerd, 1980; Nadel and Matsuba, 1990; Bauer and Zirker, 2018] . One of the earliest attempts to apply mathematical analysis to Shakespeare's style was done by Fucks [1952], who studied the frequency of text elements of the writing to further understand the use of language by an author. Williams [1975] analyzed the word length distribution in Shakespeare's plays, and showed that the distribution of words with different lengths showed substantial difference from the work of Bacon. Analysis of Shakespeare plays with the Regressive Imagery Dictionary showed that incongruous juxtapositions is sensitive to time [Derks, 1994] . Lowe and Matthews [1995] used radial a basis function network to show differences in the style of Shakespeare and Fletcher. Another form of quantitative analysis of Shakespeare's work was based on using eye trackers to analyze eye movements of people as they read Shakespeare's sonnets [Xue et al., 2019] . Other work related to the analytics of Shakespeare plays include the visualization of the text [Wilhelm et al., 2013] .  \nIn the context of applying computers to analyze Shakespeare's plays, substantial efforts have been made to verify the authenticity of plays attributed to Shakespeare [Merriam, 2009; Rizvi,  \n1  \nJournal of Data Mining and Digital Humanities  [http://jdmdh.episciences.org](http://jdmdh.episciences.org)  \n[ISSN 2416-5999](ISSN 2416-5999), [an open-access journal](an open-access journal)  \n2019; Barber, 2020]. Boyd and Pennebaker [2015] used quantitative analysis techniques [Boyd, 2017] to determine whether \"Double Falsehood\", published after Shakespeare's death, was likely written by Shakespeare. The analysis attempted to identify psychological signatures of three authors by examining the distribution of words they use, their grammar, and the meaning of the words, and then compared those signatures to the text of the unknown play. Elliott and Valenza [2010a,b] applied stylometric analysis to determine whether and what parts of \"Sir Thomas More\" and \"Edward III\" were written by Shakespeare, and showed that while some parts are much more likely to be written by Shakespeare, the probability that the entire plays were written by Shakespeare is low. Stylometric analysis was also used to identify gender diferences is Shakespeare's ch","cbCaief5Fq0EFHi7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaief5Fq0EFHi7","pdf",567643,22,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What does the analysis measure across Shakespeare’s plays over time?\",\"answer\":\"It tracks stylistic changes using quantitative measurements including sentence length, adjective/adverb frequencies, and sentiment expressed in the text.\"},{\"question\":\"How accurate is the machine learning prediction of the play’s year?\",\"answer\":\"The stylometric year prediction achieves a Pearson correlation of 0.71 between actual and predicted years.\"},{\"question\":\"What stylistic relationship does the study find for Romeo and Juliet?\",\"answer\":\"Although dated 1596, Romeo and Juliet is more similar in stylometrics to plays written by Shakespeare after 1600.\"}]","A data science and machine learning approach to continuous analysis of Shakespeare's plays | PDF",55]