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Prognostic Biomarkers in Laryngeal Carcinoma  \nKristina S. Komitova 1, Lyuben D. Dimitrov 1, Gergana S. Stancheva 2, Silva G. Kyurkchiyan 2, Veronika Petkova 2, Stoyan I. Dimitrov 1, Silviya P. Skelina 3, Radka P. Kaneva 2 and Todor M. Popov 1, *  \nCitation: Komitova, K.S.; Dimitrov, L.D.; Stancheva, G.S.; Kyurkchiyan, S.G.; Petkova, V.; Dimitrov, S.I.; Skelina, S.P.; Kaneva, R.P.; Popov, T.M. A Critical Review on microRNAs as Prognostic Biomarkers in Laryngeal Carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 13468. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms252413468  \nAcademic Editor: Roman Be ˇnaˇcka  \nReceived: 10 November 2024  \nRevised: 7 December 2024  \nAccepted: 11 December 2024  \nPublished: 16 December 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of ENT, Medical University, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria  \n2 Molecular Medicine Center, Medical University, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria  \n3 Department of Neurology, Medical University, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria  \n* [Correspondence: popov@todorpopov.com or t.popov@medfac.mu-sofia.bg](Correspondence: popov@todorpopov.com or t.popov@medfac.mu-sofia.bg)  \nAbstract: During the past decade, a vast number of studies were dedicated to unravelling the obscurities of non-coding RNAs in all fields of the medical sciences. A great amount of data has been accumulated, and consequently a natural need for organization and classification in all subfields arises. The aim of this review is to summarize all reports on microRNAs that were delineated as prognostic biomarkers in laryngeal carcinoma. Additionally, we attempt to allocate and organize these molecules according to their association with key pathways and oncogenes affected in laryngeal carcinoma. Finally, we critically analyze the common shortcomings and biases of the methodologies in some of the published papers in this area of research. A literature search was performed using the PubMed and MEDLINE databases with the keywords “laryngeal carcinoma” OR “laryngeal cancer”AND “microRNA” OR “miRNA” AND “prognostic marker” OR “prognosis”. Only research articles written in English were included, without any specific restrictions on study type. We have found 43 articles that report 39 microRNAs with prognostic value associated with laryngeal carcinoma, and all of them are summarized along with the major characteristics and methodology of the respective studies. A second layer of the review is structural analysis of the outlined microRNAs and their association with oncogenes and pathways connected with the cell cycle (p53, CCND1, CDKN2A/p16, E2F1), RTK/RAS/PI3K cascades (EGFR, PI3K, PTEN), cell differentiation (NOTCH, p63, FAT1), and cell death (FADD, TRAF3) . Finally, we critically review common shortcomings in the methodology of the papers and their possible effect on their results.  \nKeywords: microRNA; laryngeal carcinoma; prognosis; biomarkers; survival  \n1. Introduction  \nDuring the past decade, a vast number of studies were dedicated to unravelling the obscurities of non-coding RNAs in all fields of the medical sciences [1,2] . A great amount of data has been accumulated, and consequently a natural need for organization and classification in all subfields arises. The aim of this review is to summarize all reportson microRNAs that were delineated as prognostic biomarkers in laryngeal carcinoma. Additionally, we attempt to allocate and organize these molecules according to their association with key pathways and oncogenes affected in laryngeal carcinoma. Finally, we critically analyze the common shortcomings and biases of the methodologies in some of the ","cbCairaNwKPnsuSf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairaNwKPnsuSf","pdf",1014523,28,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Role of microRNAs in gene regulation\n## Tumor-related mechanisms and classification","[{\"question\":\"What is the primary purpose of this critical review?\",\"answer\":\"To summarize studies describing microRNAs identified as prognostic biomarkers in laryngeal carcinoma, and to organize these microRNAs according to pathway and oncogene associations.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the studies selected and what databases were used?\",\"answer\":\"A literature search used PubMed and MEDLINE with keywords combining terms for laryngeal carcinoma and microRNA/miRNA together with prognostic marker/prognosis, and only English research articles were included.\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of biological pathways do the review analyze in relation to microRNAs?\",\"answer\":\"The review structurally analyzes associations with pathways including the p53/cell-cycle axis, RTK/RAS/PI3K cascade, cell differentiation-related pathways, and cell-death pathways.\"}]","A Critical Review on microRNAs as Prognostic Biomarkers in Laryngeal Carcinoma | PDF",1789994587,71]