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The article argues that critical CALL must extend beyond micro-level contexts to consider macro-level discourses. It applies critical discourse analysis to the 2017 AAAS report America’s Languages: Investing in Language Education for the 21st Century. Results identify interrelated frames and scales pointing to a neoliberal discourse positioning language, technology, and CALL to strengthen global competitiveness.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-critical-look-at-the-bigger-picture-macro-level-discourses-of-language-and-technology-in-the-united-states/595763/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-critical-look-at-the-bigger-picture-macro-level-discourses-of-language-and-technology-in-the-united-states/595763.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Fans","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does the article move from micro-level to macro-level perspectives in CALL?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It explains that macro-level discourses shape real-world impacts in common CALL contexts, not just local classroom conditions. Ecological and language-as-discourse perspectives make these broader discourses essential to analyze.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What source does the article use to examine macro-level discourses?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It uses the 2017 American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) report America’s Languages: Investing in Language Education for the 21st Century as an analytical window into language and technology discourses in the United States.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What do the findings suggest about the relationship between language, technology, and CALL?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"They suggest a neoliberal discourse that frames language, technology, and ultimately CALL as tools for enhancing national competitiveness in a global marketplace.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},595763,1792211515,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":31,"preview_page_count":4},5909892330395,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","calico journal (online) issn 2056–9017  \nArticle  \nA Critical Look at the Bigger Picture: Macro-Level Discourses of Language and Technology in the United States  \nEmily A. Hellmich  \nAbstract  \nDespite its numerous benefits and potentialities for language learning and teaching, digital technology can also play a role in creating and and maintaining inequality. While critical critical CALL often focuses on micro-level issues and contexts, macrolevel perspectives, including discourses, are also essential to consider: From ecological and language-as-discourse perspectives, macro-level discourses have the potential to impact and shape CALL practices and contexts. Using critical discourse analysis methods, this article takes the 2017 American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) report, America’s Languages: Investing in Language Education for the 21st Century, as a window into macro-level discourses of language and technology in American society today. Findings reveal a series of interrelated frames and scales that, taken together, suggest a neoliberal discourse that positioned language, technology, and ultimately CALL as tools to enhance national competitiveness on a global marketplace. The article concludes with implications of these findings for the CALL field.  \nKeywords: language education; ecological CALL; critical discourse analysis; neoliberalism  \nIntroduction  \nIn 2017, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) published an assessment of the United States’ non-English language competences (Commission on Language Learning, 2017). Entitled America’s Languages: Investing  \nAffiliation  \nThe University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.  \nemail: [hellmich@email.arizona.edu](hellmich@email.arizona.edu)  \ncalico journal vol 36.1 2019 39–58 [https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.35022](https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.35022)  \n©2019, equinox publishing   \n40 A Critical Look at the Bigger Picture  \nin Language Education for the 21st Century, the report examined the current state of language learning in the United States and detailed a series of findingsand recommendations intended to bolster language competencies.  \nDigital technologies figured into both these findings and recommendations: as one of the reasons why the United States needed to improve its language competences and as one of the ways to do so. While most CALL scholars and practitioners would agree with the basic premise of the AAAS report—improving language learning in the United States through digital means,—questions remain about how and to what ends technology was positioned in the report—as well as in language education more broadly: While often painted as overwhelmingly positive, technology also holds the potential for creating and maintaining inequality in a range of different ways (Kern, 2014; Selwyn, 2013) .  \nThe AAAS report offers an interesting opportunity to the CALL field: avenue for a critical look at the bigger picture, namely macro-level discourses of language and technology. This examination is critical in two ways. First, these discourses are critical to our understanding of CALL: From ecological and language-as-discourse perspectives, these discourses, articulated primarily through language and captured in language policy documents like the AAAS report, produce real-world impacts in common CALL contexts (Blin, 2016; Blommaert, 2005) . Second, this examination assumes a critical lens, engaging with and interrogating sources of power and inequality in relation to CALL (Helm, 2015) .  \nTo that end, the current article sets out to explore macro-level discourses of language and technology in the United States by way of a critical discourse analysis of the AAAS report. To do so, I first discuss discourses of language and technology that frame the analysis. I next summarize the theoretical approaches that prompt this analysis and why the AAAS report serves as an appropriate analytical target. Following a review of the research design, I then discuss how language, technology,","cbCaiqaOaw2fWOxZ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqaOaw2fWOxZ","pdf",391385,"English","# Introduction\n## Discourses of Language and Technology\n# Background","[{\"question\":\"Why does the article move from micro-level to macro-level perspectives in CALL?\",\"answer\":\"It explains that macro-level discourses shape real-world impacts in common CALL contexts, not just local classroom conditions. Ecological and language-as-discourse perspectives make these broader discourses essential to analyze.\"},{\"question\":\"What source does the article use to examine macro-level discourses?\",\"answer\":\"It uses the 2017 American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) report America’s Languages: Investing in Language Education for the 21st Century as an analytical window into language and technology discourses in the United States.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the findings suggest about the relationship between language, technology, and CALL?\",\"answer\":\"They suggest a neoliberal discourse that frames language, technology, and ultimately CALL as tools for enhancing national competitiveness in a global marketplace.\"}]","A Critical Look at the Bigger Picture: Macro-Level Discourses of Language and Technology in the United States | PDF",1792081818]