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Mohammad El‑Basioni 1*  \n*Correspondence: [bbasioni@eri.sci.eg](bbasioni@eri.sci.eg)  \n1 Computers and Systems Department, Electronics Research Institute, Elbahth Elelmy St. From Joseph Tito, El‑Nozha El‑Gededa, P. O.: 11843, Cairo, Egypt  \nAbstract  \nThe Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is one of the most commonly used standard messaging protocols that enable the Internet of Things (IoT) . The messag‑ ing standard specification document defines the transactions, attributes, conventions, timers, values, types, structures, etc. MQTT encounters wide implementation possibili‑ ties: hardware vendors need to implement MQTT drivers for their devices, software vendors need to implement it in their solutions, developers and researchers need an MQTT simulation framework, etc. The IoT technology can enable unlimited num‑ ber of use cases, and each case has its implementation of the messaging protocol.  \nFrom the above facts, on the basis that any user needs to have a deep understand‑ ing of the specification in order to implement the protocol and also developers need to study it well for improving the protocol, there is a need for a standard conceptual way that conveys the messaging standard specifications, integrates the specifications of the use cases built upon with a more abstracted mental representation, improves the communication between developers, and facilitates the protocols and applications developments. This paper addresses this issue by proposing a graphical conceptual modeling approach for MQTT‑based IoT applications called Example‑oriented Sys‑ tem Conceptual Modeling for MQTT use cases (EoSCM‑MQTT) . The paper explains the EoSCM‑MQTT and gives an example of its use in an MQTT simulation implementa‑ tion for a specific IoT application: smart parking. EoSCM‑MQTT was validated using three methods: comparison, analysis, and implementation. The details and results of the implementation and the conclusions from the comparison and analysis indi‑ cated that EoSCM‑MQTT has the required characteristics of conceptual models: good syntactic semantic, and pragmatic quality, clarity, coherence, accuracy, flexibility, reli‑ ability, and effectiveness.  \nKeywords: IoT, MQTT, Conceptual model, Messaging protocol, Smart parking, Publish/ subscribe  \nIntroduction  \nMQTT [1–3] is a data-centric, lightweight, and simple open standard messaging protocol for telemetry information distribution. It works on top of TCP/IP stack or over other network protocols that provide ordered, lossless, bidirectional connections, and it is designed to achieve reliability while being suitable for constrained environments with varying levels of latency, bandwidth constraints, and unreliable networks for resourceconstrained devices. MQTT is based on the publish/subscribe (pub/sub) communication  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the mate‑ rial. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://](http://)[ ](http://)[creative","cbCaifuNpSjDRVsb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifuNpSjDRVsb","pdf",6672620,31,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n## MQTT overview and publish/subscribe architecture\n## MQTT characteristics and application relevance","[{\"question\":\"Why does the paper propose a conceptual modeling approach for MQTT?\",\"answer\":\"Users need deep understanding of the MQTT specification to implement the protocol, and developers need it for improving MQTT. The paper introduces a standard conceptual way to convey specifications and integrate use-case concepts.\"},{\"question\":\"What is EoSCM-MQTT?\",\"answer\":\"EoSCM-MQTT is a graphical conceptual modeling approach proposed for MQTT-based IoT applications. It is presented with an example use in an MQTT simulation for smart parking.\"},{\"question\":\"How was EoSCM-MQTT validated in the paper?\",\"answer\":\"It was validated using three methods: comparison, analysis, and implementation, with results supporting the model’s conceptual-model quality attributes.\"}]","A conceptual modeling approach of MQTT for IoT-based systems | PDF",1792980071,78]