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Yet it remains unclear how network organization contributes to brain damage or whether some disorders can be framed as “network diseases.” This review explains how complex-network representations characterize brain pathology and evaluate vulnerability, recovery likelihood, and the functional relevance of specific network properties. Disease “networkness” may clarify pathology and inform functional brain activity and its functional content.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-complex-network-perspective-on-brain-disease-review-focus/468165/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-complex-network-perspective-on-brain-disease-review-focus/468165.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ezra","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the article link complex network structure to brain dysfunction?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It argues that if brain anatomy and dynamics follow a complex network organization, that structure should influence how function is disrupted during disease. The review connects how disease definitions relate to how function is defined, which then determines which network properties are functionally relevant.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What does “network disease” mean in the context of this review?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It frames some pathologies as disorders that can be characterized through complex network representations. The goal is to determine how network organization underlies brain damage and affects vulnerability and recovery.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which aspects of disease are assessed using network structure?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review emphasizes characterization of brain pathology, estimation of subject vulnerability, and likelihood of recovery. It also outlines how disease-related alterations in connectomes and interactions between network structure and functional outcomes can be analyzed via resilience mechanisms.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},468165,1791410606,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099514068035,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Biol. Rev. (2026), 101, pp. 364–399. 364  \ndoi: 10.1111/brv.70086  \nA complex network perspective on brain disease  \nDavid Papo 1,2,*  and Javier M. Buldú 3   \n1Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 19, Ferrara 44121, Italy 2 Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Fossato di Mortara, 19, Ferrara 44121, Italy 3 Complex Systems Group & G.I.S. C., Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipan s/n. 28933, Mostoles, Spain  \nABSTRACT  \nIf brain anatomy and dynamics have a complex network structure as it has become standard to posit, it is reasonable to assume that such a structure should play a key role not only in brain function but also in brain dysfunction. However, exactly how network structure is implicated in brain damage and whether at least some pathologies can be thought of as ‘network diseases’ is not yet clear. Here we discuss ways in which a complex network representation can help in characterising brain pathology, but also in assessing subjects’ vulnerability to and likelihood of recovery from disease. We show how the way disease is defined is related to the way function is defined and this, in turn, determines which network property may be functionally relevant to brain disease. Thus, addressing brain disease ‘networkness’ may shed light not only on brain pathology, with potential clinical implications, but also on functional brain activity, and what is functional in it.  \nKey words: dynamical disease, complex networks, pathoconnectomics, brain topology, degeneracy, resilience and vulnerability, evolvability, neutral networks.  \nCONTENTS  \nI. Introduction .......................................................................365  \nII. Defining disease .....................................................................366  \n(1) The semantic field of disease .......................................................366  \n(a) Brain–disease relationships .................................................... 366  \n(2) Disease dynamics ................................................................367  \n(3) Disease, brain function, and functional space ..........................................367  \n(4) Vulnerability and resilience ........................................................367  \nIII. Systems with complex network structure ..................................................368  \n(1) What being a complex network means ...............................................368  \n(2) Brain network structure: space specification ...........................................369  \n(3) Structure–dynamics relations .......................................................370  \n(a) The role of relative scales ..................................................... 370  \n(4) From the network structure of function to the function of network structure ...................371  \n(5) Network properties, invariants and equivalence classes ...................................371  \n(6) A network-based disease taxonomy ..................................................372  \nIV. Disease as healthy network structure alteration .............................................373  \n(1) Connectome alterations in brain pathology ............................................373  \n(2) Structural consequences of disease ...................................................374  \n(3) From structure of the dynamics to the dynamics of structure ..............................374  \n(a) Dynamical consequences of anatomical structure damage ............................ 374  \n(b) Structure dynamics in disease .................................................. 375  \n* Author for correspondence (Tel.: +39 010 28961; E-mail: david.papo@iit.it) .  \nBiological Reviews 101 (2026) 364–399 © 2025 The Author(s). Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of","cbCaitcpaByNoaYZ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitcpaByNoaYZ","pdf",1237990,36,"English","# Introduction\n# Defining disease\n## The semantic field of disease\n## Disease dynamics\n## Disease, brain function, and functional space\n## Vulnerability and resilience\n# Systems with complex network structure\n## What being a complex network means\n## Brain network structure: space specification\n## Structure–dynamics relations\n## From the network structure of function to the function of network structure\n## Network properties, invariants and equivalence classes\n## A network-based disease taxonomy\n# Disease as healthy network structure alteration\n## Connectome alterations in brain pathology\n## Structural consequences of disease\n## From the structure of the dynamics to the dynamics of structure\n## Role of network structure in the functional consequences of disease\n# Network structure of disease and brain–disease interactions\n## Disease as a process on a network\n## Brain–disease interactions\n# Confronting disease: the role of network structure\n## Structural, dynamical and functional resilience\n## Gauging the effects of disease: the solid material metaphor\n## Resilience in the elastic regime: disease as brain perturbation\n## Network structure and resilience mechanisms in the elastic range","[{\"question\":\"How does the article link complex network structure to brain dysfunction?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that if brain anatomy and dynamics follow a complex network organization, that structure should influence how function is disrupted during disease. The review connects how disease definitions relate to how function is defined, which then determines which network properties are functionally relevant.\"},{\"question\":\"What does “network disease” mean in the context of this review?\",\"answer\":\"It frames some pathologies as disorders that can be characterized through complex network representations. The goal is to determine how network organization underlies brain damage and affects vulnerability and recovery.\"},{\"question\":\"Which aspects of disease are assessed using network structure?\",\"answer\":\"The review emphasizes characterization of brain pathology, estimation of subject vulnerability, and likelihood of recovery. It also outlines how disease-related alterations in connectomes and interactions between network structure and functional outcomes can be analyzed via resilience mechanisms.\"}]","A complex network perspective on brain disease - Review focus | PDF",1790773841,91]