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The work proposes a unified ERV site distribution system by predicting candidate ERVs using LTR_harvest and annotating sequences with LTR_digest. A comprehensive ERVsDB provides ERV data, neighboring genes, proviral structures, integration site assessment, and ERV-LTR-associated regulatory gene function prediction. Using Trachypithecus francoisi, the study preliminarily evaluates ERV contributions to disease resistance or susceptibility, supporting broader comparative research.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-compendium-of-ervs-in-the-genomes-of-major-primates/156813/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-compendium-of-ervs-in-the-genomes-of-major-primates/156813.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cart","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-08-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What are endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and why are they important in primate genomes?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"ERVs are remnants of ancient retroviral interactions that are preserved in host DNA and transmitted vertically. Their distribution and regulatory effects help reveal co-evolution and can influence genomic biology and disease-related processes.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were candidate ERV sequences predicted and annotated in this study?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Candidate ERV sequences were predicted using LTR_harvest. Their characteristics were then identified and annotated with the LTR_digest software.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What functions does the compiled ERVsDB database provide?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The database supports downloading ERV data and neighboring genes for 61 primate species, characterizing ERV proviral structures, assessing integration sites, and predicting potential regulatory gene functions related to ERV-LTRs.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},156813,1787967340,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},18829141979164,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Articles  \nA Compendium of ERVs in the Genomes of Major Primates  \nDOI: [https://dx. doi. org/10.71373/SBHJ1439](https://dx. doi. org/10.71373/SBHJ1439)[ ](https://dx. doi. org/10.71373/SBHJ1439)Submitted 5 November 2025 Accepted 5 December 2025 Pulished 10 December 2025  \nYifeng Lib\\#, Chunlan Jiangd\\#, Lanxiang Lib, Zhining Zhangd, Yunlin Hed, Kangming Hed, Zhiwei Lud, Yongjian Huangd, Boying Liangac*  \nERVs integrate into host DNA, forming vertically inherited proviral sequences. These sequences not only record the historical imprints of ancient retroviruses but also play significant biological roles in modern host genomes. The widespread distribution of ERVs in primate genomes suggests that constructing a unified system for ERV site distribution would facilitate the study of their impact on host genomic biology and evolution. In this study, we utilized LTR_harvest to predict candidate ERV sequences in primate genomes and further identified and annotated the characteristics of these candidate sequences using LTR_digest software. We have compiled a comprehensive and well-annotated database([http://ervsdb.omics.henbio.com/home/index/index.html?idx=1](http://ervsdb.omics.henbio.com/home/index/index.html?idx=1)). This database enables the acquisition of ERV data and corresponding neighboring genes for 61 primate species, characterization of ERV proviral structures, assessment of integration sites, and prediction of potential regulatory gene functions associated with ERV-LTRs. Using Trachypithecus francoisi as an example, we have preliminarily explored the potential influence of ERVs on host resistance or susceptibility to diseases, providing a theoretical reference for further research on ERVs in other animals.  \nIntroduction  \nERVs are special genetic elements that represent the remnants of ancient interactions between retroviruses and vertebrates, which have been preserved in host genomes and are vertically transmitted through Mendelian inheritance mechanisms[1] . These viral remnants are widely present in the genomes of various species, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, exhibiting distinct distribution and expression patterns across different species[2] . To date, approximately 43 viral families have been identified in eukaryotes that have formed endogenous relationships with their hosts. ERVs serve as important tools for studying the co-evolution of hosts and retroviruses, providing a genomic perspective on the roles of infection and immunity in the evolutionary history of retroviruses[3] .  \nThroughout their evolutionary history, ERVs have undergone a series of events such as replication, recombination, mutation, and insertion, leading to a diversity in their sequence quantity, distribution, and expression patterns within host genomes[4] . For instance, a solo-LTR arises from homologous recombination between the 5' and 3' LTRs of ancestral viruses, with the intervening protein-coding sequences being deleted[5] . ERVs that contain the three major protein-coding domains of retroviruses—gag, pol, and env—are defined as complete ERVs[6] . In fact, at least 85% of ERVs exist in reference genomes as isolated LTRs[5] . ERVs are classified into three major categories based on differences in their reverse transcriptase polymerase, ranging from Class I (gamma-like retroviruses) to Class III (spumaretrovirinae), and extending to the more diverse Class 16, encompassing a wide range of ERV sequence diversity[7] .  \na. Chizhou People 's Hospital, Chizhou, 247100, Anhui, China b. Wuzhou Conservation and Research Center for Francois ' Langurs, Wuzhou543000, Guangxi, China c.Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China  \nd.Guangxi Henbio Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanning 530009, Guangxi, China  \n\\#Li Yifeng, Jiang Chunlan contributed equally to this work.  \n*Correspondence: [LBY1187169449@163.com](LBY1187169449@163.com)  \nThe regulatory sequences pro","cbCaiqd8ucGVkFMr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqd8ucGVkFMr","pdf",1261087,"English","# Introduction\n## Endogenous retroviruses and evolutionary significance\n## Diversity of ERV types and structural categories\n## ERV regulatory roles in host gene networks\n# Study Objectives and Methods\n## Computational prediction and annotation pipeline\n## ERVsDB capabilities and outputs\n## Case exploration in Trachypithecus francoisi","[{\"question\":\"What are endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and why are they important in primate genomes?\",\"answer\":\"ERVs are remnants of ancient retroviral interactions that are preserved in host DNA and transmitted vertically. Their distribution and regulatory effects help reveal co-evolution and can influence genomic biology and disease-related processes.\"},{\"question\":\"How were candidate ERV sequences predicted and annotated in this study?\",\"answer\":\"Candidate ERV sequences were predicted using LTR_harvest. Their characteristics were then identified and annotated with the LTR_digest software.\"},{\"question\":\"What functions does the compiled ERVsDB database provide?\",\"answer\":\"The database supports downloading ERV data and neighboring genes for 61 primate species, characterizing ERV proviral structures, assessing integration sites, and predicting potential regulatory gene functions related to ERV-LTRs.\"}]","A Compendium of ERVs in the Genomes of Major Primates | PDF",23]