[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-529697-105":59,"doc-detail-529697-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","a-comparison-of-several-statistical-methods-for-examining-allegations-of-copying","A Comparison of Several Statistical Methods for Examining Allegations of Copying","","Seven statistical methods for investigating allegations that one examinee copied answers from another are evaluated. Benchmark distributions of the decision statistics are derived from a 100-item multiple-choice licensure exam using 8,643 pairs of examinees presumed not to have copied. Decision rules are set for nine false-positive rates, and true-positive rates are estimated via simulated copying on 500 additional pairs. Five copying types and five copy amounts (10%-50%) are crossed, showing method performance depends on copying type. For the most realistic simulation type, detection rates are about 5%-95% at a false-positive rate of 0.001.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-comparison-of-several-statistical-methods-for-examining-allegations-of-copying/529697/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-comparison-of-several-statistical-methods-for-examining-allegations-of-copying/529697.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"awa","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-09",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the purpose of the seven statistical methods in the report?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"They are used to investigate allegations that one examinee copied answers from another by assessing similarity in response patterns. The methods produce evidence related to degree of similarity rather than direct proof.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How are benchmark distributions used in the study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Benchmark data come from 8,643 non-copying pairs and are used to obtain distributions of the statistics. These benchmark distributions support setting decision rules for specified false-positive rates.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does simulated copying vary in the evaluation?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Simulated copying varies by type (five types) and by amount of items copied (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%). The study examines how detection performance changes with these factors.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},529697,1792160543,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},3985747858093,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","# A Comparison of Several\n\nStatistical Methods for ExaminingAllegations of Copying  \nBradley A.HansonDeborah J.HarrisRobert L.Brennan  \nSeptember 1987  \nFor additional copies write:ACT Research Report SeriesP.O.Box 168lowa City,towa 52243  \n# A Comparison of Several Statistical Methodsfor Examining Allegations of Copying\n\nBradley A.HansonDeborah J.HarrisRobert L.Brennan  \nTable of Contents  \nAbstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iii  \nSTATISTICAL METHODS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1  \nMethods Based on Direct Adjustment……………………………………………………………………………………3  \nMethods Based on Indirect Adjustment…………………………………………………………………………………3  \nModel Based Methods……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4  \nMETHOD………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7  \nData…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8  \nCalculation of Statistics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………8  \nDetermination of False Positive Rates…………………………………………………………………………10  \nTypes of Copying……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12  \nConditional False Positive Rates……………………………………………………………………………………14  \nRESULTS………………………………16  \nDISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………………………………19  \nOther Factors in Choosing a Method………………………………………………………………………………21  \nThe Use of Benchmark Data…………………………………………………………………………………………………………23  \nPossible Limitations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………24  \nCautions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………25  \nCONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………26  \nReferences………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………28  \nTables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………29  \nFigures……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………48  \n## ABSTRACT\n\nSeven statistical methods of investigating an allegation that oneexaminee copied answers of an examination from another examinee are  \ninvestigated.  Benchmark distributions of the statistics used in each of theseven methods were obtained using data from a 100 item multiple choicelicensure exam on 8643 pairs of examinees who could not have copied.Thebenchmark data were used to determine decision rules for each method  \ncorresponding to nine false positive rates.True positive rates correspondingto these decision rules were computed based on simulated copying for 500 pairsof examinees not included in the benchmark data.  Five types of simulatedcopying and five levels of number of items copied(10%,202,30%,40%,and50%)were crossed to produce 25 simulated copying conditions.The performanceof the methods interacts with the type of simulated copying.For the type ofsimulated copying thought to be most realistic the methods do not differgreatly in performance,and approximately 5%,202,502,85%and 95%of thesimulated copiers who copied 10%,20%,30%,40%,and 50%of the items,respectively,could be detected with a false positive rate of .001.Conditional false positive rates were found to be slight1y higher than  \nunconditional false positive rates for subgroups of examinees with either highor low test scores,although it is concluded this effect is not strong enoughto necessitate use of conditional benchmark data.  False positive rates basedon theoretical assumptions were not found to agree well with the falsepositive rates produced using the benchmark data,and it is suggested thatbenchmark data be used when possible.The limitations in using statisticaltechniques to investigate allegations of copying are discussed.  \n# A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL STATISTICAL HETHODSFOR EXAMINING ALLEGATIONS OF COPYING\n\nSeveral statistical methods have appeared over the years for  \ninvestigating allegations of copying(e.g.,Bird,1927;Saupe,1960;Angoff,1974;Frary,Tideman,and Watts,1977;Cody,1985).This paper compares sevenstatistical methods for investigating allegations of copying which are basedon a direct comparison of the responses of the examinee suspected of copying(suspected copier)and ","cbCairIrdkx4wyFt","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairIrdkx4wyFt","pdf",1154222,64,"English","# Abstract\n# Statistical Methods\n## Methods Based on Direct Adjustment\n## Methods Based on Indirect Adjustment\n## Model Based Methods\n# Method\n## Data\n## Calculation of Statistics\n## Determination of False Positive Rates\n## Types of Copying\n## Conditional False Positive Rates\n# Results\n# Discussion\n## Other Factors in Choosing a Method\n## The Use of Benchmark Data\n## Possible Limitations\n## Cautions\n# Conclusions\n# References\n# Tables\n# Figures","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the seven statistical methods in the report?\",\"answer\":\"They are used to investigate allegations that one examinee copied answers from another by assessing similarity in response patterns. The methods produce evidence related to degree of similarity rather than direct proof.\"},{\"question\":\"How are benchmark distributions used in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Benchmark data come from 8,643 non-copying pairs and are used to obtain distributions of the statistics. These benchmark distributions support setting decision rules for specified false-positive rates.\"},{\"question\":\"How does simulated copying vary in the evaluation?\",\"answer\":\"Simulated copying varies by type (five types) and by amount of items copied (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%). The study examines how detection performance changes with these factors.\"}]","A Comparison of Several Statistical Methods for Examining Allegations of Copying | PDF",1791521766,161]