[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-41014-en":3,"doc-seo-41014-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},41014,1374391974585,"Genevieve","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",2,"Literature","A C Grayling The History of Philosophy","This volume provides a structured, chronological survey of Western philosophy from early Greek thinkers through medieval, Renaissance, modern, and twentieth-century movements, organizing major figures and schools into clearly defined parts. It traces core themes such as pre-Socratic inquiry, Socratic and Platonic thought, Aristotelian developments, ethical and skeptical traditions, the evolution of political and religious influences, and the rise of modern reasoning from Bacon to Kant and beyond. Later sections cover analytic, ordinary language, philosophy of language, and mind, alongside continental approaches, concluding with non-Western traditions and reference tools.","A. C. Grayling  \nTHE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY  \nContents  \nPreface  \nAcknowledgements  \nIntroduction  \nPART I Ancient Philosophy  \nPhilosophy before Plato  \nThe Presocratic Philosophers  \nThales  \nAnaximander  \nAnaximenes  \nPythagoras  \nXenophanes  \nHeraclitus  \nParmenides  \nZeno of Elea  \nEmpedocles  \nAnaxagoras  \nLeucippus and Democritus  \nThe Sophists  \nSocrates  \nPlato  \nAristotle  \nGreek and Roman Philosophy after Aristotle Cynicism  \nEpicureanism Stoicism Scepticism Neoplatonism  \nPART II  \nMedieval and Renaissance Philosophy Philosophy in Medieval Times  \nAugustine Boethius Anselm Abelard Aquinas Roger Bacon Duns Scotus  \nWilliam of Ockham  \nPhilosophy in the Renaissance Renaissance Platonism Renaissance Humanism  \nRenaissance Political Thought  \nPART III Modern Philosophy  \nThe Rise of Modern Thought Francis Bacon  \nDescartes  \nHobbes Spinoza Locke Berkeley Leibniz  \nHume  \nRousseau  \nKant  \nThe Eighteenth-Century Enlightenment Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century  \nBentham Hegel Schopenhauer Positivism Mill  \nMarx Nietzsche Idealism  \nPragmatism  \nPART IV  \nPhilosophy in the Twentieth Century  \nAnalytic Philosophy Russell  \nFrege  \nMoore  \nWittgenstein: The Early Philosophy Logical Positivism  \nCarnap Quine Popper  \nWittgenstein: The Later Philosophy  \nOrdinary Language Philosophy Ryle  \nAustin  \nStrawson Philosophy of Language  \nDavidson  \nDummett  \nKripke Philosophy of Mind Ethics  \nStevenson  \nHare  \nMackie  \nVirtue Ethics Political Philosophy  \nRawls  \nNozick Feminist Philosophy  \nContinental Philosophy Husserl  \nHeidegger Merleau-Ponty Sartre Gadamer Ricoeur Deleuze  \nDerrida  \nContinental Thought: Un Salon des Refusés  \nPART V  \nIndian, Chinese, Arabic–Persian and African Philosophy Indian Philosophy  \nVedas and Upanishads Samkhya Nyaya–Vaisheshika Buddhism  \nJainism  \nCarvaka–Lokayata Chinese Philosophy Confucianism  \nConfucius  \nMencius  \nXunzi  \nMohism  \nDaoism Daodejing Zhuangzi  \nLegalism Han Feizi Yijing  \nArabic–Persian Philosophy Falsafa and Kalam Al-Kindi  \nAl-Farabi  \nIbn Sina (Avicenna) Al-Ghazali Ibn Rushd (Averroes)  \nAfrican Philosophy Concluding Remarks  \nAppendix: A Sketch of Logic Fallacies of Informal Logic Timeline of Philosophers  \nBibliography  \nIndex","cbCaivc1SQ2lVoUs","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivc1SQ2lVoUs","pdf",7647454,8,1,803,"English","en",105,"# Preface\n# Acknowledgements\n# Introduction\n# PART I Ancient Philosophy\n## Philosophy before Plato\n## The Presocratic Philosophers\n## The Sophists\n## Socrates\n## Plato\n## Aristotle\n## Greek and Roman Philosophy after Aristotle\n# PART II Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy\n## Philosophy in Medieval Times\n## Philosophy in the Renaissance\n# PART III Modern Philosophy\n## The Rise of Modern Thought\n## Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century\n# PART IV Philosophy in the Twentieth Century\n## Analytic Philosophy\n## Philosophy of Language\n## Philosophy of Mind Ethics\n## Virtue Ethics Political Philosophy\n## Continental Philosophy\n# PART V Indian, Chinese, Arabic–Persian and African Philosophy\n## Indian Philosophy\n## Chinese Philosophy\n## Arabic–Persian Philosophy\n## African Philosophy\n# Concluding Remarks\n# Appendix: A Sketch of Logic\n# Bibliography\n# Index","[{\"question\":\"How is the book organized across different historical periods?\",\"answer\":\"The contents divide the work into five parts: ancient, medieval and Renaissance, modern, twentieth-century, and Indian/Chinese/Arabic–Persian and African philosophy.\"},{\"question\":\"Which major schools and thinkers are covered in the ancient section?\",\"answer\":\"It includes the Presocratics (e.g., Thales, Heraclitus, Parmenides), major figures such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and later schools like Cynicism, Epicureanism, Stoicism, Scepticism, and Neoplatonism.\"},{\"question\":\"What topics are emphasized in the twentieth-century philosophy part?\",\"answer\":\"It surveys analytic 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is the book organized across different historical periods?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The contents divide the work into five parts: ancient, medieval and Renaissance, modern, twentieth-century, and Indian/Chinese/Arabic–Persian and African philosophy.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Which major schools and thinkers are covered in the ancient section?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It includes the Presocratics (e.g., Thales, Heraclitus, Parmenides), major figures such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and later schools like Cynicism, Epicureanism, Stoicism, Scepticism, and Neoplatonism.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What topics are emphasized in the twentieth-century philosophy part?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"It surveys analytic philosophy (including Wittgenstein’s early and later work), ordinary language philosophy, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, ethics, political philosophy, and also continental philosophy from Husserl 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