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This article synthesizes findings from prominent favela studies and the literature on fragility to propose a summative definition of fragility as weakness or low capacity in local institutions. It argues favelas function as fragile small or micro-states de facto, and that donor classification could channel education-focused programming to reduce fragility and advance educational equity.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-broader-definition-of-fragile-states-the-communities-and-schools-of-brazils-favelas-read-online-free/599599/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-broader-definition-of-fragile-states-the-communities-and-schools-of-brazils-favelas-read-online-free/599599.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"jayni","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What gap does the article address about research on Brazil’s favelas?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It highlights that few connections have been made between favela literature and work on fragility and small states, particularly concerning the fragility of educational institutions in favelas.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the article define fragility?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It defines fragility as weakness or lack of capacity in local institutions, especially when basic services are not effectively provided due to limited capacity or political will.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why does the article argue donors should classify favelas as fragile small or micro-states?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Such classification is argued to open favelas to donor funding, enabling educational programming that could mitigate fragility and improve educational equity in low-income areas.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},599599,1792883648,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747859343,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","A Broader Definition of Fragile States: The Communities and Schools of Brazil’s Favelas  \nRolf Straubhaar  \nUniversity of California, Los Angeles  \nThough the existing literature on the favelas (or shantytowns) of Brazil thoroughly documents the chaotic and violent nature of life within them, few connections have been made between the literature on favelas, fragility and small states, particularly with regard to the fragile state of educational institutions in favelas. This article summarizes the primary findings of prominent favela studies across the social sciences alongside the literature on fragility, drawing out a summative definition of fragility that easily applies to the context of education in Brazilian favelas. Primarily, this article argues that not only do the slums of Brazil qualify for classification as fragile small states, but such a classification by prominent multilaterals would open these areas to donor funding for educational programming that could greatly mitigate their fragility and advance educational equity, as occurs in other postconflict and fragile settings around the world.  \nIntroduction  \nThe social, political and economic dynamics of the favelas, or illegal urban shantytowns that have materialized in the hills around Rio de Janeiro and other urban centers throughout Brazil, have long provided a fertile basis for academic research and analysis across disciplines. Political and historical analysis Gay, 1994; Penglase, 2009) has explored the political rivalry between drug cartels, local politicians and grassroots neighborhood associations for control of the hearts and minds of favela residents. Ethnographic work (Goldstein, 2003; Jones de Almeida, 2003; Leeds, 1996; Pardue, 2004; Soares, 2000) has extensively documented the day-to-day life offavela residents, as well as the particular forms of language, music and culture which have developed therein – both as responses to and as coping mechanisms for the economic and social inequalities experienced by Brazil’s urban poor.  \nHowever, despite the chaotic and violent nature offavela life, few connections have been made between the literature onfavelas, fragility and small states. In this article, I summarize the literature on fragility, drawing out a summative definition of fragility as a weakness or lack of capacity in local institutions (Mosselson, Wheaton, & Frisoli, 2009; Vallings & Torres, 2005) that – I argue – easily applies to the context of Brazilian favelas, as well as similar low-income slums across the globe. While not currently classified as independent regions in a formal sense, favelas are often ruled by local political actors (whether legal or extralegal) that exercise de facto sovereignty which I argue, according to Baldacchino (2012), qualify Brazilian slums for classification as fragile small or micro-states. To support this classification, I then summarize the primary findings of prominent favela studies across the social sciences, highlighting those findings which indicate the precarious and fragile educational, political, and social institutions infavelas.  \nI argue that such a classification by prominent multilaterals would open favelas to donor funding that could greatly mitigate their fragility (especially with regard to education), as occurs in other postconflict and fragile settings around the world. I further argue that education – particularly educational programming that promotes community-level political participation–is a key type of donor support that would ease fragility in this context. To do so, I draw upon extensive literature that documents Brazilian popular participation efforts, especially those based in Freirean  \n© 2012 Current Issues in Comparative Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Current Issues in Comparative Education 15(1): 41-51.  \nStraubhaar  \neducational models, and their mitigation of fragility in low-income areas of Brazil. In sum, I use the literature on fragility ","cbCaig3EJ70qSzBY","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaig3EJ70qSzBY","pdf",259528,11,"English","# Introduction\n# Fragility: A Review of the Literature","[{\"question\":\"What gap does the article address about research on Brazil’s favelas?\",\"answer\":\"It highlights that few connections have been made between favela literature and work on fragility and small states, particularly concerning the fragility of educational institutions in favelas.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article define fragility?\",\"answer\":\"It defines fragility as weakness or lack of capacity in local institutions, especially when basic services are not effectively provided due to limited capacity or political will.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the article argue donors should classify favelas as fragile small or micro-states?\",\"answer\":\"Such classification is argued to open favelas to donor funding, enabling educational programming that could mitigate fragility and improve educational equity in low-income areas.\"}]","A Broader Definition of Fragile States: The Communities and Schools of Brazil’s Favelas - read online free | PDF",1792089088,28]