[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-156850-en":3,"doc-seo-156850-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},156850,687197207919,"Theodora","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000253d6f5f7c60be?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779446848396160552",2,"Literature","A Brief History of the Blues","A Brief History of the Blues traces the origins and evolution of the blues as a distinct American musical and verse tradition formed through blending African and European influences. It follows the term’s association with melancholia, the role of oral tradition from the 1860s, and the emergence of field hollers, spirituals, and prison work songs. The narrative connects key milestones from post–Civil War development to early recording, the rise through W.C. Handy, and national spread before discussing later northern migration and electric Chicago and Detroit styles.","The Blues\nA Brief History of the Blues\nby Robert M. Baker\nJoseph Machlis says that the blues is a native American musical and verse form, with no direct European and African antecedents of which we know. (p. 578) In other words, it is a blending of both traditions. Something special and entirely different from either of its parent traditions. (Although Alan Lomax cites some examples of very similar songs having been found in Northwest Africa, particularly among the Wolof and Watusi. p. 233)\nThe word 'blue' has been associated with the idea of melancholia or depression since the Elizabethan era. The American writer, Washington Irving is credited with coining the term 'the blues,' as it is now defined, in 1807. (Tanner 40) The earlier (almost entirely Negro) history of the blues musical tradition is traced through oral tradition as far back as the 1860s. (Kennedy 79)\nWhen African and European music first began to merge to create what eventually became the blues, the slaves sang songs filled with words telling of their extreme suffering and privation. (Tanner 36) One of the many responses to their oppressive environment resulted in the field holler. The field holler gave rise to the spiritual, and the blues, \"notable among all human works of art for their profound despair . . . They gave voice to the mood of alienation and anomie that prevailed in the construction camps of the South,\" for it was in the Mississippi Delta that blacks were often forcibly conscripted to work on the levee and land-clearing crews, where they were often abused and then tossed aside or worked to death. (Lomax 233)\nAlan Lomax states that the blues tradition was considered to be a masculine discipline (although some of the first blues songs heard by whites were sung by 'lady' blues singers like Mamie Smith and Bessie Smith) and not many black women were to be found singing the blues in the juke-joints. The Southern prisons also contributed considerably to the blues tradition through work songs and the songs of death row and murder, prostitutes, the warden, the hot sun, and a hundred other privations. (Lomax) The prison road crews and work gangs where were many bluesmen found their songs, and where many other blacks simply became familiar with the same songs.\nFollowing the Civil War (according to Rolling Stone), the blues arose as \"a distillate of the African music brought over by slaves. Field hollers, ballads, church music and rhythmic dance tunes called jump-ups evolved into a music for a singer who would engage in call-and-response with his guitar. He would sing a line, and the guitar would answer it.\" (RSR&RE 53) (author's note: I've seen somewhere, that the guitar did not enjoy widespread popularity with blues musicians until about the turn of the century. Until then, the banjo was the primary blues instrument.) By the 1890s the blues were sung in many of the rural areas of the South. (Kamien 518) And by 1910, the word 'blues' as applied to the musical tradition was in fairly common use. (Tanner 40)\nSome 'bluesologists' claim (rather dubiously), that the first blues song that was ever written down was 'Dallas Blues,' published in 1912 by Hart Wand, a white violinist from Oklahoma City. (Tanner 40) The blues form was first popularized about 1911-14 by the black composer W.C. Handy (1873-1958). However, the poetic and musical form of the blues first crystallized around 1910 and gained popularity through the publication of Handy's \"Memphis Blues\" (1912) and \"St. Louis Blues\" (1914). (Kamien 518) Instrumental blues had been recorded as early as 1913. Mamie Smith recorded the first vocal blues song, 'Crazy Blues' in 1920. (Priestly 9) Priestly claims that while the widespread popularity of the blues had a vital influence on subsequent jazz, it was the \"initial popularity of jazz which had made possible the recording of blues in the first place, and thus made possible the absorption of blues into both jazz as well as the mainstream of pop music.\" (Priestly ","cbCaisgsaaFjud3X","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisgsaaFjud3X","doc",410112,1,106,"English","en",105,"# Origins and early influences\n## Meanings of “the blues”\n## Field holler, spirituals, and suffering\n# Post–Civil War development\n## Growth in the South and wider usage\n## Early publications and recordings\n# From segregation to national craze\n## World War I and American troops\n## Major performers and mainstream reach\n# Northern migration and electric blues\n## Chicago/Detroit styles\n## Guitar innovation and major artists\n# Urban discovery and rock revivals","[{\"question\":\"How did the blues originate according to the document?\",\"answer\":\"The blues emerged as a blending of African and European traditions, developing into something distinct beyond either parent form.\"},{\"question\":\"What historical factors shaped the blues’ early forms?\",\"answer\":\"The document links early development to enslaved people’s songs, the field holler, spirituals, and later the influence of Southern labor camps and prisons.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the blues spread beyond the South?\",\"answer\":\"After the Civil War and into the 20th century, recordings and popular performers expanded its reach, while northern migration during the 1930s and 1940s helped bring blues into big-band jazz repertoires.\"}]","A Brief History of the Blues | 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did the blues originate according to the document?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The blues emerged as a blending of African and European traditions, developing into something distinct beyond either parent form.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What historical factors shaped the blues’ early forms?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The document links early development to enslaved people’s songs, the field holler, spirituals, and later the influence of Southern labor camps and prisons.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How did the blues spread beyond the South?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"After the Civil War and into the 20th century, recordings and popular performers expanded its reach, while northern migration during the 1930s and 1940s helped bring blues into big-band jazz 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