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This work introduces a low-cost, breathable, highly stretchable strain sensor using a double-layer medical elastic bandage as a porous substrate and a CNT-ink–impregnated conductive medical tape as the sensing layer. Hierarchical textile porosity and a deformable CNT percolation network enable up to 100% strain, a gauge factor of 2.72, and strong nonlinear fitting (R2 = 0.997), with demonstrations for human joint motion and real-time plant growth detection.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-breathable-low-cost-and-highly-stretchable-medical-textile-strain-sensor-for-human-motion-and-plant-growth-monitoring/462916/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-breathable-low-cost-and-highly-stretchable-medical-textile-strain-sensor-for-human-motion-and-plant-growth-monitoring/462916.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Mary Man","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why are breathable strain sensors important for human and plant monitoring?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Non-breathable substrates can interfere with heat transfer, moisture evaporation, and gas exchange at the sensor–tissue interface, leading to discomfort or disrupted plant microenvironments. 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Palma  \nReceived: 24 November 2025  \nRevised: 16 December 2025  \nAccepted: 17 December 2025  \nPublished: 20 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Hunan Agricultural Forestal and Industrial Prospective Design Institute, Co., Ltd., Changsha 410007, China; [liushilei0610@foxmail.com](liushilei0610@foxmail.com)  \n2 State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China  \n3 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China  \n* Correspondence: [xiaohujiang@hunau.edu.cn](xiaohujiang@hunau.edu.cn)  \nAbstract  \nFlexible strain sensors capable of conformal integration with living organisms are essential for advanced wearable electronics, human–machine interaction, and plant health. However, many existing sensors require complex fabrication or rely on non-breathable elastomer substrates that interfere with the physiological microenvironment of skin or plant tissues. Here, we present a low-cost, breathable, and highly stretchable strain sensor constructed from biomedical materials, in which a double-layer medical elastic bandage serves asthe porous substrate and an intermediate conductive medical elastic tape impregnated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) ink acts as the sensing layer. Owing to the hierarchical textile porosity and the deformable CNTs percolation network, the sensor achieves a wide strain range of 100%, a gauge factor of up to 2.72, and excellent nonlinear second-order fitting (R2 = 0.997) . The bandage substrate provides superior air permeability, allowing long-term attachment without obstructing moisture and gas exchange, which is particularly important for maintaining skin comfort and preventing disturbances to plant epidermal physiology. Demonstrations in human joint-motion monitoring and real-time plant growth detection highlight the device’s versatility and biological compatibility. This work offers a simple, low-cost yet effective alternative to sophisticated strain sensors designed for human monitoring and plant growth monitoring, providing a scalable route toward multifunctional wearable sensing platforms.  \nKeywords: strain sensor; highly stretchable; low cost; plant growth monitoring  \n1. Introduction  \nWearable strain sensors are important components in the growing field of flexible electronics, providing real-time information about mechanical deformation during human movement [1–5] and the growth of plant stems or leaves [6–11] . Their ability to conform to irregular three-dimensional surfaces and convert strain into electrical signals has facilitated progress in areas such as personalized healthcare [12–14], prosthetics [15–17], sports monitoring [18–20], soft robotics [21,22], and precision agriculture [23–28] . Over the past decade, advances in functional materials and device structures have enabled sensors with improved mechanical flexibility, wider detection ranges, and more stable signal output [29] . Nanomaterials including graphene, CNTs, MXenes, and conductive polymers have been widely explored due to their good electrical conductivity, flexibility, and compatibility with soft biological surfaces [30–33] . For example, laser-induced graphene sensors show  \ngood sensitivity and durability in monitoring skin signals [34], and highly stretchable polymer-or fiber-based devices attached to leaves, stems, or fruits allow non-destructive and continuous tracking of plant growth, contributing to applicatio","cbCaihw6K9bcWmqK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihw6K9bcWmqK","pdf",3323122,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Why are breathable strain sensors important for human and plant monitoring?\",\"answer\":\"Non-breathable substrates can interfere with heat transfer, moisture evaporation, and gas exchange at the sensor–tissue interface, leading to discomfort or disrupted plant microenvironments. Breathable designs help maintain physiological conditions during long-term monitoring.\"},{\"question\":\"What materials are used to build the proposed sensor?\",\"answer\":\"The sensor uses a double-layer medical elastic bandage as a porous, breathable substrate and an intermediate conductive medical elastic tape impregnated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) ink as the sensing layer.\"},{\"question\":\"What performance metrics does the sensor achieve?\",\"answer\":\"The sensor supports a wide strain range up to 100%, reaches a gauge factor up to 2.72, and shows excellent nonlinear fitting with R2 = 0.997.\"}]","A Breathable, Low-Cost, and Highly Stretchable Medical-Textile Strain Sensor for Human Motion and Plant Growth Monitoring | PDF",1790765758,28]