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update on treatment strategies for the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum  \nChuang-Kuo Wua, Jong-Ling Fuhb,c,d,*  \naAlzheimer’s Disease and Memory Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Brown University Health, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; bDepartment of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; cSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; dBrain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC  \nAbstract  \nAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex and progressive neurodegenerative disorder with a continuum of stages ranging from preclinical/asymptomatic phase to severe dementia. Over the past decades, significant advances in diagnostic biomarkers and disease-modifying therapies have reshaped the treatment landscape. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current treatment paradigm for AD in 2025, incorporating the latest developments in pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The advent of anti-amyloid immunotherapy, including the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA)-approved monoclonal antibodies such as lecanemab and donanemab, has proven efficacy in slowing cognitive decline in early-stage AD. These therapies mark a change in thinking in AD management, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and intervention. Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine remain the standard treatments for mild, moderate to severe dementia, providing symptomatic relief and functional stabilization. Additionally, emerging strategies targeting tau pathology and neuroinflammation are under investigation, offering hope for future breakthroughs. Beyond pharmacotherapy, this review highlights the importance of personalized, multimodal treatment approaches that integrate lifestyle modifications, cognitive training, and caregiver support. The updated diagnostic framework, incorporating fluid and imaging biomarkers, enables more precise staging and individualized treatment plans. Despite these advances, challenges still lie in refining patient selection, addressing treatment-related side effects, and ensuring accessibility to appropriate therapies. As the field moves forward, ongoing clinical trials and real-world evidence will further refine treatment strategies. A proactive approach, combining early detection with disease-modifying and symptomatic therapies, is essential for improving patient outcomes and quality of life. This article synthesizes current knowledge and provides a roadmap for clinicians and researchers navigating the evolving landscape of AD treatment.  \nKeywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Amyloid immunotherapy; Cholinesterase inhibitors; Dementia treatment strategies; Diseasemodifying therapy  \n[www.ejcma.org](www.ejcma.org) 495  \n\u003Cz10.1097/JCMA.0000000000001252>  \nWu and Fuh J Chin MedAssoc  \nLay Summary: Treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is evolving significantly in 2025, with new advances in both diagnosis and therapy. A major step forward is the FDA approval of anti-amyloid immunotherapies like lecanemab and donanemab. These drugs are used for early-stage AD, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild dementia, by targeting and reducing amyloid plaques in the brain. This highlights the importance of early detection and intervention. For patients with mild to severe dementia, established medications such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine continue to be crucial. They help manage symptoms and stabilize cognitive and functional abilities. The current approach emphasizes personalized care, combining these therapies with lifestyle modifications and cognitive support to improve patient outcomes.  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nWhen the US organized experts to set goals for the national plan in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), one main goal is to develop new effective treatments by the ye","cbCaiimEoISiohoI","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiimEoISiohoI","pdf",594408,"English","# 1. INTRODUCTION\n# 2. EVOLUTION OF AD TREATMENT\n## (continuation beyond provided text)","[{\"question\":\"What major treatment update for Alzheimer’s disease occurred in 2025?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights FDA-approved anti-amyloid immunotherapies, including lecanemab and donanemab, as major advances for early-stage Alzheimer’s disease by targeting amyloid pathology and slowing cognitive decline.\"},{\"question\":\"Which treatments remain standard for symptomatic dementia care?\",\"answer\":\"Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine remain the standard treatments for mild, moderate, to severe dementia, providing symptomatic relief and functional stabilization.\"},{\"question\":\"What emerging strategies are being investigated beyond amyloid and current standard drugs?\",\"answer\":\"The review notes ongoing investigation of approaches targeting tau pathology and neuroinflammation, aiming for future breakthroughs in disease modification.\"}]","A 2025 update on treatment strategies for the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum | PDF",1790664715]