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The work introduces monolithic 3D-printed barbed microneedles (3D-BMN) for wound impedance sensing and barbed hollow microneedles (3D-BHMN) for drug delivery, fabricated via high-precision projection micro-stereolithography. Barbed geometry improves penetration and mechanical interlocking with dressings. Ag/AgCl and AuNPs enable electrochemical impedance monitoring aligned with wound status, while 3D-BHMN uses an ultrasonic atomizer for efficient delivery.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/3d-printed-barbed-microneedle-electrodes-for-biosensing-and-drug-delivery-in-wound-management/410472/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/3d-printed-barbed-microneedle-electrodes-for-biosensing-and-drug-delivery-in-wound-management/410472.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"WPS_1786070896","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What problem does the study address in wound management?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Chronic wounds require continuous status monitoring and on-demand therapy, while conventional dressings are passive and cannot provide real-time information or responsive delivery.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How do 3D-BMN and 3D-BHMN contribute to the proposed solution?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"3D-BMN is designed for real-time wound impedance sensing, and 3D-BHMN is designed for on-demand drug delivery using a hollow, barbed microneedle structure.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What role does wound impedance play in the closed-loop system?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The sensed impedance value modulates therapeutic delivery, enabling on-demand administration that matches the dynamic wound status.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},410472,1790816673,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},549768072016,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Fu et al. Microsystems & Nanoengineering (2026)12:5 [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-025-01](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-025-01)136-6  \nMicrosystems & Nanoengineering  \n[www.nature.com/micronano](www.nature.com/micronano)  \nARTICLE Open Access  \n3D-printed barbed microneedle electrodes for biosensing and drug delivery in wound management  \nXinyu Fu1, Zhengnan Sun1, Jun Gu2, Ruiqi Liu3, Meng Ma4, Xuelei Ma5, Yi-Ping Ho6, Xiaosheng Zhang1 ✉ and Yi Zhang1,7 ✉  \nAbstract  \nChronic wounds represent a major global healthcare burden, demanding integrated solutions for both continuous wound monitoring and on-demand therapeutic intervention. In this work, we present monolithic barbed microneedles (3D-BMN) for wound impedance sensing and barbed hollow microneedles (3D-BHMN) for drug delivery, fabricated with high-precision projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL) 3D printing. Inspired by natural barbed structures like bee stingers, the barbed geometry balances penetration efficiency with mechanical interlocking, enabling stable anchorage to wound dressings. Conductivization with Ag/AgCl and AuNPs imparts robust electrochemical performance, allowing accurate monitoring of wound impedance, which correlates with wound status. 3D-BHMN integrates an ultrasonic atomizer for efficient drug delivery. A closed-loop feedback system couples 3D-BMN and 3D-BHMN, forming a closed-loop system for on-demand delivery of therapeutic agents modulated by the sensed impedance value that aligns with the dynamic wound status. This integrated platform advances smart wound management by combining diagnostics and therapeutics, offering broad translational potential.  \nIntroduction  \nWound management represents a critical pillar of modern healthcare. Globally, over 60 million individuals suffer from chronic wounds. In China, diabetic foot ulcers alone account for tens of billions of Yuan in annual medical expenditures1. This huge burden continues to escalate, driven by an aging population and growing prevalence of diabetes, underscoring an urgent need for advanced wound management strategies.  \nTraditional wound dressings, such as hydrocolloids and foams, have long served as the standard of wound care. These dressing materials provide moderate protection against bacterial colonization and maintain a moist  \nCorrespondence: Xiaosheng Zhang ([zhangxs@uestc.edu.cn](zhangxs@uestc.edu.cn)) or  \nYi Zhang ([yi_zhang@uestc.edu.cn](yi_zhang@uestc.edu.cn))  \n1School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China  \n2Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \nThese authors contributed equally: Xinyu Fu, Zhengnan Sun.  \nmicroenvironment conducive to wound healing. However, the passive nature of these dressings significantly limits their therapeutic functionalities. Lacking the capacity to directly monitor key biomarkers associated with wound healing progression, these dressings offer no realtime information on wound status. As a result, healthcare practitioners must frequently remove them for inspection2–6, an intervention that risks secondary trauma, disrupts the delicate healing cascade, and ultimately delays wound recovery. Additionally, traditional dressings are incapable of on-demand drug delivery, limiting their applications for personalized responsive wound treatment.  \nMicroneedles represent an emerging class of minimally invasive technology for painless transdermal biosensing and drug delivery7–12. Despite their potential, current microneedle-based systems are limited by insufficient mechanical anchorage. Conventional cone- or pyramidshaped designs frequently dislodge from target tissues over extended durations, thereby significantly compromising their utility in applications requiring continuous  \n© The Author(s) 2026  \nOpen Access This article is licensed under a Creative","cbCaiirkSPmVqjsF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiirkSPmVqjsF","pdf",3058881,12,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Chronic wound burden and limitations of traditional dressings\n## Microneedles and challenges with mechanical anchorage\n## Proposed 3D-printed barbed microneedle platform","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study address in wound management?\",\"answer\":\"Chronic wounds require continuous status monitoring and on-demand therapy, while conventional dressings are passive and cannot provide real-time information or responsive delivery.\"},{\"question\":\"How do 3D-BMN and 3D-BHMN contribute to the proposed solution?\",\"answer\":\"3D-BMN is designed for real-time wound impedance sensing, and 3D-BHMN is designed for on-demand drug delivery using a hollow, barbed microneedle structure.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does wound impedance play in the closed-loop system?\",\"answer\":\"The sensed impedance value modulates therapeutic delivery, enabling on-demand administration that matches the dynamic wound status.\"}]","3D-printed barbed microneedle electrodes for biosensing and drug delivery in wound management | PDF",1790585416]