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The review summarizes current 3D bioprinting approaches for rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and other 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Foroncewicz 2,3, *, Radosław Zagodon 1,3,4 and Krzysztof Mucha 2,3,4  \nAcademic Editor: Rui Vitorino  \nReceived: 4 December 2025  \nRevised: 23 December 2025  \nAccepted: 25 December 2025  \nPublished: 29 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Laboratory of Cellular and Genetic Therapies, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland  \n2 ProMix Center (ProteogenOmix in Medicine), Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland  \n3 Department of Transplantology, Immunology, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland  \n4 Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland  \n* [Correspondence: bartosz.foroncewicz@wum.edu.pl](Correspondence: bartosz.foroncewicz@wum.edu.pl); Tel.: +48-22-502-16-41  \nAbstract  \nThree-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a rapidly evolving technology that uses complementary biomaterials to emulate native extracellular matrices, enabling the generation of finely patterned, multicellular tissue architectures. Autoimmune diseases (AD), which are characterized by chronic, often organ-specific, immune response, are ideally suited to these in vitro models. This review summarizes the current state of 3D bioprinting for modelling AD, focusing on rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes (T1D) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as well as applications to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and other AD. Bioprinting modalities, advances in immune competent bioinks, strategies for vascularization and approaches to the hybridization of printed tissues with organoids and organ-on-chip systems are reviewed. From a clinical perspective, this review focuses on applications with translational potential, including immune-competent models derived from patients for biomarker discovery, drug screening and treatment response prediction. The key challenges, notably the reconstitution of full immune complexity, stable and perfusable vasculature, and maintenance of long-term viability and function are highlighted. Finally, future directions are defined to enhance the clinical utility and impact of 3D bioprinting across preclinical development and precision medicine.  \nKeywords: bioprinting; autoimmune diseases; disease modelling; treatment response; precision medicine  \n1. Introduction  \nAutoimmune diseases (AD) affect approximately 8–10% of the global population and are associated with significant morbidity [1,2] . The pathogenesis of these diseases is driven by chronic inflammation, exaggerated/misguided immune response and tissue remodeling [2] . From the clinical perspective, standard treatment relies on the use of immunosuppressive agents, monoclonal antibodies [3,4] or immunoglobulin replacement therapies [5] . However, the broad range of side effects and reduced quality of life associated with these treatments warrants the search for more tailored and efficient strategies [6,7] .  \nRecent advances in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting have enabled the fabrication of biological systems containing living cells, which have significant implications in medicine [8] . These technologies offer valuable tools for AD treatment studies [9] . Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures are limited in their ability to replicate cell-to-cell  \ninteractions, matrix architecture and immune infiltration. In contrast, 3D cultures more accurately model native tissue physiology, disease pathology and treatment responses [10] . In addition, 3D bioprinting allows for the precise arrangement of multiple cell types, extracellular matrix (ECM) co","cbCaicqSJ57sczVf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicqSJ57sczVf","pdf",1225573,25,"English","# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction\n# 2. 3D Bioprinting for Autoimmune Disease Modeling\n## 2.1. Bioprinting Techniques","[{\"question\":\"Which autoimmune diseases are covered in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, and other autoimmune diseases.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the clinical relevance of 3D bioprinting models mentioned here?\",\"answer\":\"It highlights translational potential, including patient-derived immune-competent models for biomarker discovery, drug screening, and prediction of treatment response.\"},{\"question\":\"What key challenges does the review identify for clinical translation?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes rebuilding full immune complexity, achieving stable and perfusable vasculature, and maintaining long-term viability and function of printed tissues.\"}]","3D Bioprinting Strategies in Autoimmune Disease Models | PDF",1790763052,63]