[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-208063-en":3,"doc-seo-208063-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},208063,8796095027276,"wps_ap_test_251126_0180","https://avatar.qwps.com/avatar/d3BzX2FwX3Rlc3RfMjUxMTI2XzAxODA=",7,"Healthcare","3.2% Monoclonal Antibodies - Mark Schemes","Mark schemes detailing assessment points for an exercise on monoclonal antibodies and HIV-related immunology. The content specifies acceptable answers for multiple sub-questions, including effects of exercise on lactic acid and oxygen debt, interpretation of performance outcomes, experimental controls and evidence requirements. It also covers hybridoma creation, monoclonal antibody specificity, testing validity, and a structured comparison of trends and calculations used to describe HIV case data, including proper unit handling.","Mark schemes  \nQ1 .  \n(a) any two from:  \nmark as pairs  \n• (effect) muscle fatigue or oxygen debt occurs (1)  \nallow muscle cramp ignore fatigue /  \ncramp unqualified  \n(reason) caused by (build-up of) lactic acid (1)  \n• (effect) (continued) heavy / deep / fast breathing (1)  \n(reason) to provide the oxygen needed to break down (built-up) lactic acid (1)  \nallow to repay the oxygen debt  \n• (effect) (continued) increased heart rate (1)  \n(reason) to provide the oxygen needed to break down (built-up) lactic acid (1)  \nallow to repay the oxygen debt  \n• (effect) fewer / weaker muscle contractions (1)  \n(reason) (because) less energy is released / available (1) do not accept energy being produced /  \nmade / created  \n4  \n(b) Level 3: The method would lead to the production of a valid outcome.  \nThe key steps are identified and logically sequenced.  \n5−6  \nLevel 2: The method would not necessarily lead to a valid outcome.  \nMost steps are identified, but the method is not fully logically  \nsequenced.  \n3−4  \nLevel 1: The method would not lead to a valid outcome. Some  \nrelevant steps are identified, but links are not made clear.  \n1−2  \nNo relevant content  \n0  \nIndicative content  \n• test a group of athletes  \n• use at least two different types / intensities of exercise  \n• get each athlete to do all exercises or have a large (≥30) group doing each exercise  \n• record heart rate for each athlete before and after exercise or calculate increase in heart rate for each athlete after exercise  \n• calculate the mean increase in heart rates for each type / intensity of exercise  \n• compare mean increase in heart rates for each type / intensity of exercise  \n• control variables:  \no same (biological) sex or mix of sexes  \no same level of activity / exercise  \no same age  \no same caffeine / drug / medicine intake  \no same length of time for exercise  \no no health issues / illnesses  \no return to resting heart rate before each exercise  \n(c) (athlete is) faster / stronger  \nallow description of improved  \nperformance  \nallow reference to increased stamina /  \nendurance  \n1  \n(because more muscle mass so) more / stronger muscle contractions  \n1  \n(d) hybridoma  \n1  \n(e) any three from:  \n• (cell) is cloned  \nignore name of cell  \n• many (identical) cells are produced  \nallow many clones are produced  \n• all the cells make the same antibody  \n• the antibody is (collected and) purified  \n3  \n(f) a monoclonal antibody only binds to the anabolic steroid  \n(g) to show that the test is working  \nallow to prevent a false negative (result)  \nignore to show there are free /  \nremaining monoclonal antibodies  \n1  \n(h) evidence  \nno blue / visible dye (in control area)  \nallow no line(s) (in control area) allow  \nno colour change (in control area)  \n1  \nreason  \n(because) no (free) monoclonal antibodies bound to control area  \nallow the (free) monoclonal antibodies  \ndid not move up the test strip  \nallow urine did not move up the test  \nstrip  \n1  \nor  \n(because) there were no (free) monoclonal antibodies on the end of the (test) strip  \n(i) D  \n1  \n[21]  \nQ2 .  \n(a) any one from:  \n• sexual contact / intercourse  \nallow intercourse unqualified  \nignore kissing  \n• exchange of body fluids  \nallow example of exchange such as (drug) users  \nsharing needles or blood transfusion or passage  \nfrom mother to foetus in uterus  \n1  \n(b) (number of cases) in women decreases then increases, then  \ndecreases  \n1  \n(number of cases) in men increases then decreases  \n1  \nallow total numbers (of men and women together) increase then decrease  \nignore reference to differences between men and  \nwomen  \nif no other marks awarded allow overall trend  \ndecreases in both for 1 mark  \nignore use of figures  \n(c) any one from:  \n• better education (into prevention of spread of HIV) allow increased awareness about HIV  \n• condoms more widely available or condoms easier to source or condoms cheaper  \nignore contraception / protection unqualified  \n• new / better drugs (to","cbCaih61xpcbXcdc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaih61xpcbXcdc","pdf",1026205,1,6,"English","en",105,"# Q1\n## (a)\n## (b)\n## (c)\n## (d)\n## (e)\n## (f)\n## (g)\n## (h)\n## (i)\n# Q2\n## (a)\n## (b)\n## (c)\n## (d)\n## (e)\n## (f)\n## (g)\n## (h)","[{\"question\":\"What effects on the body are expected from muscle fatigue or oxygen debt in the mark scheme?\",\"answer\":\"The mark scheme accepts muscle fatigue/oxygen debt effects such as muscle cramp, heavy/deep/fast breathing, and increased heart rate, each linked to the need to break down built-up lactic acid and repay the oxygen debt.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the mark scheme assess the validity of the experimental test using monoclonal antibodies?\",\"answer\":\"Validity is judged by evidence such as no blue/visible dye or no line/colour change in the control area. The reasoning accepted is that no free monoclonal antibodies bound to the control area or that they did not move along the test strip.\"},{\"question\":\"What steps are required to create a hybridoma producing a monoclonal antibody?\",\"answer\":\"Accepted steps include cloning the relevant cell, producing many identical cells, ensuring all cells make the same antibody, and purifying the collected antibody. The scheme also specifies combining lymphocytes with a tumour/cancer cell to form a hybridoma, then cloning it to produce many antibody-producing cells.\"}]","3.2% Monoclonal Antibodies - Mark Schemes | PDF",1788602308,15,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":28},"32-monoclonal-antibodies-mark-schemes","",{"@graph":36,"@context":86},[37,54,69],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/32-monoclonal-antibodies-mark-schemes/208063/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-06","2026-09-05",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What effects on the body are expected from muscle fatigue or oxygen debt in the mark scheme?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"The mark scheme accepts muscle fatigue/oxygen debt effects such as muscle cramp, heavy/deep/fast breathing, and increased heart rate, each linked to the need to break down built-up lactic acid and repay the oxygen debt.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"How does the mark scheme assess the validity of the experimental test using monoclonal antibodies?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"Validity is judged by evidence such as no blue/visible dye or no line/colour change in the control area. The reasoning accepted is that no free monoclonal antibodies bound to the control area or that they did not move along the test strip.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What steps are required to create a hybridoma producing a monoclonal antibody?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Accepted steps include cloning the relevant cell, producing many identical cells, ensuring all cells make the same antibody, and purifying the collected antibody. The scheme also specifies combining lymphocytes with a tumour/cancer cell to form a hybridoma, then cloning it to produce many antibody-producing cells.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,115,118,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]