[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40139-en":3,"doc-seo-40139-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},40139,1099513958762,"Logic","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1782109480056885918",2,"Literature","30-Second Philosophies: The 50 Most Thought-Provoking Philosophies, Each Explained in Half a Minute","A concise philosophy reference presenting 50 influential ideas, each clarified in about half a minute. Covering language and logic, science and epistemology, mind and metaphysics, ethics and political philosophy, and religion, it pairs famous arguments and puzzles with quick explanations. Front matter frames philosophy as engagement with “big questions” about morality, knowledge, existence, and reality, contrasting philosophical reasoning with religious approaches. Includes foreword, introduction guidance, glossary entries, and contributor information.","30-SECOND  \nPHILOSOPHIES  \nThe 50 most thought-provoking philosophies, each explained in half a minute  \nConsultant Editor  \nBarry Loewer  \nForeword  \nStephen Law  \nContributors  \nJulian Baggini  \nKati Balog  \nJames Garvey  \nBarry Loewer  \nJeremy Stangroom  \nPublished in the UK in 2010 by  \nIcon Books Ltd  \nOmnibus Business Centre  \n39–41 North Road, London N7 9DP  \nemail: [info@iconbooks.co.uk](info@iconbooks.co.uk)  \n[www.iconbooks.co.uk](www.iconbooks.co.uk)  \n© 2009 by Ivy Press Limited  \nThe editor and contributors have asserted their moral rights.  \nNo part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without prior permission  \nin writing from the publisher.  \nThis book was conceived, designed,  \nand produced by  \nIvy Press  \n210 High Street, Lewes,  \nEast Sussex BN7 2NS, UK  \n[www.ivypress.co.uk](www.ivypress.co.uk)  \nCreative Director Peter Bridgewater  \nPublisher Jason Hook  \nEditorial Director Caroline Earle  \nArt Director Michael Whitehead  \nCommissioning Editor Nic Compton  \nDesigners James Hollywell, Les Hunt  \nConcept Design Linda Becker  \nIllustrations Ivan Hissey  \nGlossaries Text James Garvey  \nPicture Research Lynda Marshall  \nDigital Assistant Emily Owen  \nDigital ISBN: 978-1-848314-50-4  \nCONTENTS  \nForeword Introduction  \nHow to become a philosopher  \nLanguage & Logic  \nGLOSSARY  \nAristotle ’s syllogisms  \nRussell ’s paradox & Frege ’s logicism profile: Aristotle  \nRussell ’s theory of description Frege ’s puzzle  \nGödel ’s theorem Epimenides ’ liar paradox Eubulides ’ heap  \nScience & Epistemology  \nGLOSSARY  \nI think therefore I am Gettier ’s counter example profile: Karl Popper The brain in a vat  \nHume ’s problem of induction Goodman’s gruesome riddle Popper ’s conjectures & refutations Kuhn’s scientific revolutions  \nMind & Metaphysics  \nGLOSSARY  \nDescartes mind-body problem Brentano’s intentionality  \nFodor ’s language of thought  \nParfit ’s persons profile: René Descartes Chalmer ’s zombies Zeno’s paradoxes Kant ’s left hand Theseus ’ ship  \nLaplace ’s demon, determinism, & free will Ryle ’s ghost in the machine  \nEthics & Political Philosophy  \nGLOSSARY Aristotle ’s ethics  \nStates of nature and the social contract  \nKant ’s categorical imperative profile: Immanuel Kant Mill ’s utilitarianism Marx’s historical materialism The trolley problem  \nReligion  \nGLOSSARY  \nAquinas ’ five ways Anselm ’s ontological argument profile: Thomas Aquinas  \nEpicurus ’ riddle Paley’s watchmaker Pascal ’s wager Hume against miracles  \nGrand Moments  \nGLOSSARY  \nSocrates ’ method Plato’s cave Aristotle ’s four causes Lucretius ’ atomism  \nprofile: Ludwig Wittgenstein Berkeley’s idealism Kant ’s synthetic a priori Hegel ’s dialectic  \nJames ’ pragmatism Moore ’s common sense  \nWittgenstein’s picture theory of language  \nContinental philosophy  \nGLOSSARY  \nNietzsche ’s Superman profile: Friedrich Nietzsche Derrida ’s deconstruction Heidegger ’s nothing Sartre ’s bad faith  \nNotes on contributors Resources Acknowledgments  \nFOREWORD  \nStephen Law  \nPhilosophy addresses what are sometimes called the “big questions.”These include questions about morality (“What makes things morally right or wrong?”) ; about what we can know, if anything (“Can you know that the world around you is real, and not a computer-generated virtual reality?”) ; about the nature of human existence (“Are you your brain? Do we possess souls?”) ; and about the nature of reality (“Why is there anything at all?”) .  \nReligion addresses many of the same questions, but while philosophy and religion overlap in the questions they address, they can differ in the approach they take to answering them. While faith and revelation are typically the cornerstones of religious belief, philosophy places great emphasis on reason—on applying our intelligence in order to figure out, as best we can, what the answers are.  \nSocrates is supposed to have said,“The unexamined life is not worth living.” That ’s a strong claim—too strong, I think. 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