[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-207954-en":3,"doc-seo-207954-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":89},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},207954,687197207919,"Theodora","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000253d6f5f7c60be?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779446848396160552",4,"Exam","2.3 Metals - Extraction, Reactivity Series, Blast Furnace and Alloys","Metals chapter section 2.3 explains how metals are obtained from ores and how metal reactivity governs extraction methods and reactions. It introduces the reactivity series, native metals, and the ideas of displacement/competition reactions. The blast furnace process is detailed through linked raw materials and key reactions forming carbon monoxide, iron, and slag. Finally, it covers oxidation vs reduction, transition metal ions and their precipitate tests, and how alloy composition changes properties such as hardness and brittleness.","2.3 Metals  \nMetal ores:  \nOres are minerals found in the Earth’s crust. They contain metal compounds, from which metals can be extracted.  \n\n| Name of ore | Metal compound |\n| --- | --- |\n| rock salt | sodium chloride |\n| bauxite | aluminium oxide |\n\nReactivity series:  \nThe method used to extract metals from their ores depends on the reactivity of the metal. The reactivity series allows us to predict how metals will react.  \nPotassium Sodium Magnesium Aluminium (Carbon) Zinc  \nIron  \nTin  \nLead Copper Silver Gold  \nReactivity decreasing  \nGold and silver are examples of metals that are found native. The most reactive metals are extracted by electrolysis, while those towards the middle of thereactivity series can be chemically reduced.  \nDisplacement and competition reactions:  \nThe relative reactivity of metals can be demonstrated by displacement reactions. A more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from a solution of one of its salts.  \niron + copper(II) chloride → iron chloride + copper During a competition reaction, a more reactive metal will remove oxygen from the oxide of a less reactive metal when a mixture of the two is heated. An example of this is the thermit reaction used in the rail industry to weld rails together on a track.  \niron(III) + aluminium → iron + aluminium oxide oxide  \nThe blast furnace:  \niron ore,  \nlimestone  \nand coke  \nwaste gases  \nhot  \nair  \niron  \nhot  \nair  \nslag  \nRaw materials  \nIron ore: source of iron.  \nCoke: as a fuel and to produce carbon monoxide for the reduction.  \nLimestone: to remove impurities (slag formation).  \nHot air: provides oxygen so that coke can burn.  \nOxygen from the hot air reacts with carbon (coke) to form carbon monoxide. This is an exothermic reaction and heats the furnace.  \n2C + O2 → 2CO  \nCarbon monoxide then reacts with iron(III) oxide to give iron.  \nFe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2  \nLimestone decomposes thermally to form calcium oxide.  \nCaCO3 → CaO + CO2  \nCalcium reacts with silicon dioxide (sand) to form slag.  \nCaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3  \nThis is an example of a neutralisation reaction.  \nThe process in the blast furnace is continuous, with new raw materials added and products removed all the time due to the time and cost associated with getting the furnace up to temperature.  \nOxidation and reduction:  \nOxidation is the gain of oxygen whilst reduction is the loss of oxygen. For thereaction that happens in the blast furnace, the iron(III) oxide is reduced whilst the carbon monoxide is oxidised.  \nreduction  \nFe2 O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2  \noxidation  \nTransition metals:  \nTransition metals are found in the centre of the Periodic Table and they display the typical metallic properties of high melting and boiling points, malleability, high density, good electrical and thermal conductivity. Many transition metals are useful catalysts-e.g. iron in the manufacture of ammonia, platinum in catalytic converters. They can form more than one type of ion, e.g. Fe2+/Fe3+ and their compounds are often coloured.  \n\n| Ion | Colour of compounds/ solutions |\n| --- | --- |\n| Fe2+ | pale green |\n| Fe3+ | brown |\n| Cu2+ | blue |\n\nWe can test for the presence of transition metal ions by using a solution of sodium hydroxide.  \nCu2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s)  \nblue precipitate  \nFe2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s)  \ngreen precipitate  \nFe3+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Fe(OH)3(s)  \norange/brown  \nprecipitate  \nAlloys:  \nAn alloy is a mixture made by mixing molten metals. Its properties can be modified by changing its composition. Steel is much harder and stronger than iron and is therefore more useful. Different types of steel are made by varying the carbon content. For example, mild steel (iron plus 0.15-0.3% carbon) is malleable, ductile and easily shaped, whilst high carbon steel (iron plus 0.7- 1. 5% carbon) is harder but more brittle.","cbCaiuADfr4GIFqi","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuADfr4GIFqi","pdf",330288,2,1,"English","en",105,"# 2.3 Metals\n## Metal ores and metal compounds\n## Reactivity series and native metals\n## Displacement and competition reactions\n## The blast furnace process\n## Oxidation and reduction\n## Transition metals and ion tests\n## Alloys and their properties","[{\"question\":\"How does the reactivity series help predict metal behavior?\",\"answer\":\"The extraction method and how metals react depends on metal reactivity. The reactivity series lets students predict how different metals will react and displace others from salt solutions.\"},{\"question\":\"What reactions occur in the blast furnace to produce iron?\",\"answer\":\"Hot air enables coke to burn and form carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide then reduces iron(III) oxide to iron, using reactions such as Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2, while limestone forms slag via CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3.\"},{\"question\":\"How are transition metal ions tested using sodium hydroxide?\",\"answer\":\"A sodium hydroxide solution reacts with ions to form precipitates. Cu2+ gives a blue precipitate, Fe2+ gives a green precipitate, and Fe3+ gives an orange/brown precipitate.\"}]","2.3 Metals - Extraction, Reactivity Series, Blast Furnace and Alloys | PDF",1788601906,3,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":84,"head_meta":86,"extra_data":88,"updated_unix":28},"23-metals-extraction-reactivity-series-blast-furnace-and-alloys","",{"@graph":36,"@context":83},[37,51,66],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,49],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":29},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",{"item":50,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/23-metals-extraction-reactivity-series-blast-furnace-and-alloys/207954/",{"url":50,"name":13,"@type":52,"author":53,"headline":13,"publisher":55,"fileFormat":58,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":59,"datePublished":60,"encodingFormat":58,"isAccessibleForFree":61,"interactionStatistic":62},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":54},"Person",{"url":41,"name":56,"@type":57},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-08","2026-09-05",true,{"@type":63,"interactionType":64,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":65},"ViewAction",{"@type":67,"mainEntity":68},"FAQPage",[69,75,79],{"name":70,"@type":71,"acceptedAnswer":72},"How does the reactivity series help predict metal behavior?","Question",{"text":73,"@type":74},"The extraction method and how metals react depends on metal reactivity. The reactivity series lets students predict how different metals will react and displace others from salt solutions.","Answer",{"name":76,"@type":71,"acceptedAnswer":77},"What reactions occur in the blast furnace to produce iron?",{"text":78,"@type":74},"Hot air enables coke to burn and form carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide then reduces iron(III) oxide to iron, using reactions such as Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2, while limestone forms slag via CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3.",{"name":80,"@type":71,"acceptedAnswer":81},"How are transition metal ions tested using sodium hydroxide?",{"text":82,"@type":74},"A sodium hydroxide solution reacts with ions to form precipitates. Cu2+ gives a blue precipitate, Fe2+ gives a green precipitate, and Fe3+ gives an orange/brown precipitate.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":50,"og:type":85,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":56,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":87,"canonical":50},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":90},[91,95,99,102,107,112,117,122,127,130,134],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":96,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},70,"exam",{"id":103,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":108,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":113,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":114,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":116},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":119,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]